scholarly journals Characteristics of Pathogens which Might Be Used in an Bioterrorism Attack

Author(s):  
Piotr Daniszewski

Bioterrorism is a complex and dynamic phenomenon, occurring in various forms. It is difficult now to define a uniform definition of terrorism that is changing under the influence of the development of civilization, and especially the rapid progress in scientific and technical knowledge. The terrorists perfectly use the latest achievements of biological sciences in their terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article is to bring the phenomenon of bioterrorism.

Author(s):  
Piotr Daniszewski

Bioterrorism is a multi-faceted phenomenon and dynamic, occurring in various forms. It is difficult now to define a uniform definition of terrorism that is changing under the influence of the development of civilization, and especially the rapid scientific progress. The terrorists perfectly use the latest achievements of biological sciences in their terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article is to bring the phenomenon of bioterrorism.


1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Adlassnig ◽  
G. Kolarz ◽  
H. Leitich

Abstract:In 1987, the American Rheumatism Association issued a set of criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to provide a uniform definition of RA patients. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic were used to transform this set of criteria into a diagnostic tool that offers diagnoses at different levels of confidence: a definite level, which was consistent with the original criteria definition, as well as several possible and superdefinite levels. Two fuzzy models and a reference model which provided results at a definite level only were applied to 292 clinical cases from a hospital for rheumatic diseases. At the definite level, all models yielded a sensitivity rate of 72.6% and a specificity rate of 87.0%. Sensitivity and specificity rates at the possible levels ranged from 73.3% to 85.6% and from 83.6% to 87.0%. At the superdefinite levels, sensitivity rates ranged from 39.0% to 63.7% and specificity rates from 90.4% to 95.2%. Fuzzy techniques were helpful to add flexibility to preexisting diagnostic criteria in order to obtain diagnoses at the desired level of confidence.


Author(s):  
Beata Bielska ◽  
Mateusz Rutkowski

AbstractThe article offers analyses of the phenomenon of copying (plagiarism) in higher education. The analyses were based on a quantitative survey using questionnaires, conducted in 2019 at one of the Polish universities. Plagiarism is discussed here both as an element of the learning process and a subject of public practices. The article presents students’ definitions of plagiarism, their strategies for unclear or difficult situations, their experiences with plagiarism and their opinions on how serious and widespread this phenomenon is. Focusing on the non-plagiarism norm, that is the rule that students are not allowed to plagiarize, and in order to redefine it we have determined two strategies adopted by students. The first is withdrawing in fear of making a mistake (omitting the norm), which means not using referencing in unclear situations, e.g. when the data about the source of information are absent. The second is reducing the scope of the norm applicability (limiting the norm), characterized by the fact that there are areas where the non-plagiarism norm must be observed more closely and those where it is not so important, e.g. respondents classify works as credit-level and diploma-level texts, as in the credit-level work they “can” sometimes plagiarize since the detection rate is poor and consequences are not severe. The presented results are particularly significant for interpreting plagiarism in an international context (no uniform definition of plagiarism) and for policies aimed at limiting the scale of the phenomenon (plagiarism detection systems1).


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 579
Author(s):  
Qiwei Zhang ◽  
Xiangdong Kong ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Kaixian Ba ◽  
Zhengguo Jin ◽  
...  

Since the emergence of digital hydraulic technology, it has achieved good results in intelligence, integration, energy saving, etc. After decades of development, and it has also attracted wide attention in the industry. However, for many years, the definition of digital hydraulic technology has differed between researchers, and there is no uniform definition. Such a situation affects the development of it to a certain extent. Therefore, this paper gives the exact definition of digital hydraulic technology based on a large number of researches on it. At the same time, the paper analyzes the research status and developmental process of the such a technology, and we forecast the development trend of it.


1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
André Joyal ◽  
Mogens Nielsen ◽  
Glynn Winskel

An abstract definition of bisimulation is presented. It enables a uniform definition of bisimulation across a range of different models for parallel computation presented as categories. As examples, transition systems, synchronisation trees, transition systems with independence (an abstraction from Petri nets) and labelled event structures are considered. On transition systems the abstract definition readily specialises to Milner's strong bisimulation. On event structures it explains and leads to a revision of history-preserving bisimulation of Rabinovitch and Traktenbrot, Goltz and van Glabeek. A tie-up with open maps in a (pre)topos, as they appear in the work of Joyal and Moerdijk, brings to light a promising new model, presheaves on categories of pomsets, into which the usual category of labelled event structures embeds fully and faithfully. As an indication of its promise, this new presheaf model has ``refinement'' operators, though further work is required to justify their appropriateness and understand their relation to previous attempts. The general approach yields a logic, generalising Hennessy-Milner logic, which is characteristic for the generalised notion of bisimulation.


Author(s):  
Liduina Lima Pires Barbosa ◽  
Andréa Pereira Silveira

Resumo: A Ecologia é uma ciência que possui diferentes definições, sendo as mais utilizadas as de Haeckel e Krebs, contrastantes do ponto de vista temporal e conceitual. Por isso propomos: i) registrar as definições de Ecologia presentes nos livros didáticos utilizados na Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação de Itapipoca UECE/FACEDI e nas escolas do ensino básico de Itapipoca-Ceará e ii) acessar as representações do termo Ecologia partilhada pelos discentes de Biologia da FACEDI que já cursaram as disciplinas de Ecologia e aqueles que ainda não as cursaram. Com uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa descritiva documental, analisamos 35 livros, 15 universitários e 20 livros do ensino básico. Para verificar quais conceitos são compreendidos pelos licenciandos utilizamos um questionário, respondido por 97 estudantes universitários e analisado pelo método de análise conteúdo. Registramos que a maioria dos livros (27) trazia apenas a definição de Haeckel e utilizavam o termo Ecologia como sinônimo de Ciências Ambientais; apenas sete livros traziam as duas definições e um trazia apenas o conceito de Krebs. Esses dados demonstram que a definição de Krebs é menos difundida do que a de Haeckel, e isso se soma a uma limitação conceitual ao considerar Ecologia como sinônimo de Ciências Ambientais, embora ambas tenham escopo distintos. Registramos também que as percepções de Ecologia partilhada pelos alunos estão mais próximas da definição de Haeckel. Concluímos que a inconsistência conceitual amplamente difundida nos livros didáticos é também partilhada pelos alunos, especialmente aqueles que ainda não cursaram as disciplinas de Ecologia.Palavras-Chave: Ensino de Ecologia. Transposição Didática. Haeckel. Krebs.  REPRESENTATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF ECOLOGY: ANALYSIS OF DIDACTIC BOOKS AND CONCEPTION OF STUDENTS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Abstract: Ecology is a science that has different definitions the most used are those of Haeckel and Krebs, contrasting from a temporal and conceptual point of view. Therefore, we propose to: i) record the definitions of ecology present in the textbooks used at the State University of Ceara, the Faculty of Education of Itapipoca UECE/FACEDI and at the primary schools of Itapipoca-Ceara and ii) access the representations of the term Shared Ecology by the FACEDI Biology students who have already studied Ecology and those who have not yet studied them. With a descriptive quantitative-qualitative approach, we analyzed 35 books, 15 university students and 20 books of basic education. To verify which concepts are understood by the licensees we use a questionnaire, answered by 97 university students and analyzed by the content analysis method. We note that most of the books (27) contained only Haeckel's definition and used the term Ecology as synonymous with Environmental Sciences; Only seven books had the two definitions and only one contains only Krebs. These data demonstrate that the definition of Krebs is less widespread than that of Haeckel, and this adds to a conceptual limitation when considering Ecology as synonymous with Environmental Sciences, although both have a different scope. We also note that the perceptions of Ecology shared by students are closer to Haeckel's definition. We conclude that the conceptual inconsistency widely diffused in textbooks is also shared by the students, especially those who have not yet studied the subjects of Ecology.Keywords: Teaching Ecology. Didactic Transposition. Haeckel. Krebs.


Author(s):  
Xavi Marsellach

The current state of biological knowledge contains an unresolved paradox: life as a continuity in the face of the phenomena of ageing. In this manuscript I propose a theoretical framework that offers a solution for this apparent contradiction. The framework proposed is based on a rethinking of what ageing is at a molecular level, as well as on a rethinking of the mechanisms in charge of the flow of information from one generation to the following ones. I propose an information-based conception of ageing instead of the widely accepted damage-based conception of ageing and propose a full recovery of the chromosome theory of inheritance to describe the intergenerational flow of information. Altogether the proposed framework allows a precise and unique definition of what life is: a continuous flow of biological information. The proposed framework also implies that ageing is merely a consequence of the way in which epigenetically-coded phenotypic characteristics are passed from one generation to the next ones.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novera Ansar

Talent' has become a popular term amongst academicians and practitioners during the last two decades. A general problem, despite this increased interest on “Talent”, is that the construct of Talent and Talent Management lack theoretical vigor and standardized definition. The aim of this paper is to make a contribution to the literature on “Talent” and “Talent Management” by a critical review of the construct of “Talent”. The evolution of the definition of the term “Talent” was traced through different time periods starting from the Biblical Times when talent was used for a very large sum of money to the present times when it is considered as a cognitive ability. A philological perspective was also taken to identify the roots of different approaches towards “Talent” in speakers of different languages and terms, that are interchangeably used in lieu of Talent were also explored. Different definitions of the term “Talent Management” were analyzed to understand the different approaches taken by the authors. The dominant approach used in the definitions of Talent Management was found to be exclusive. The study concluded that it is important to develop a uniform definition of Talent and Talent Management for a shared understanding for both academic work on the topic and its practical implication for the corporate world.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-376
Author(s):  
Waldemar Izdebski ◽  
Cezary Szwed ◽  
Jacek Skudlarski ◽  
Piotr Kryś

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