Layered and object-based game semantics

Large-scale software verification relies critically on the use of compositional languages, semantic models, specifications, and verification techniques. Recent work on certified abstraction layers synthesizes game semantics, the refinement calculus, and algebraic effects to enable the composition of heterogeneous components into larger certified systems. However, in existing models of certified abstraction layers, compositionality is restricted by the lack of encapsulation of state. In this paper, we present a novel game model for certified abstraction layers where the semantics of layer interfaces and implementations are defined solely based on their observable behaviors. Our key idea is to leverage Reddy's pioneer work on modeling the semantics of imperative languages not as functions on global states but as objects with their observable behaviors. We show that a layer interface can be modeled as an object type (i.e., a layer signature) plus an object strategy. A layer implementation is then essentially a regular map, in the sense of Reddy, from an object with the underlay signature to that with the overlay signature. A layer implementation is certified when its composition with the underlay object strategy implements the overlay object strategy. We also describe an extension that allows for non-determinism in layer interfaces. After formulating layer implementations as regular maps between object spaces, we move to concurrency and design a notion of concurrent object space, where sequential traces may be identified modulo permutation of independent operations. We show how to express protected shared object concurrency, and a ticket lock implementation, in a simple model based on regular maps between concurrent object spaces.

Procedural Video Game Scene Generation by Genetic and Neutrosophic WASPAS Algorithms

The demand for automated game development assistance tools can be fulfilled by computational creativity algorithms. The procedural generation is one of the topics for creative content development. The main procedural generation challenge for game level layout is how to create a diverse set of levels that could match a human-crafted game scene. Our game scene layouts are created randomly and then sculpted using a genetic algorithm. To address the issue of fitness calculation with conflicting criteria, we use weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) in a single-valued neutrosophic set environment (SVNS) that models the indeterminacy with truth, intermediacy, and falsehood memberships. Results are presented as an encoded game object grid where each game object type has a specific function. The algorithm creates a diverse set of game scene layouts by combining game rules validation and aesthetic principles. It successfully creates functional aesthetic patterns without specifically defining the shapes of the combination of games’ objects.

SYNONYMY IN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article addresses the issue of studying noun and adjective synonymy in the Latin anatomical terminology. Different views on the problem of noun and adjective synonymic relations in the anatomical terminology are considered. The complex of Latin nouns-synonyms, their signs and functional specifics are described. Latin terminological units are divided into three groups:1) absolute synonyms; 2) synonyms of varying compatibility; 3) quasi-synonyms. Group 1 includes absolute synonyms which have appeared due to the revision of anatomical nomenclature and are of the similar semantic meaning. Group 2 – nouns, often terminological pairs, having different compatibility in the anatomical terminology. The most numerous Group 3 includes the so-called quasi-synonyms – terms of similar meaning intended for differentiation of various anatomical notions. Meanwhile, it has been found that the signs of Latin quasi-synonyms differentiation in the anatomical terminology may vary greatly and contain an indication on the shape of an object, type of tissue, morphological similarity, object location, etc. Most often used synonymic adjectives are analysed. They have been found to belong to Group 2 of the classification above, since the choice of the term-adjective most commonly depends on the compatibility, that is on the noun it is related to.

Multimedia Concepts on Object Detection and Recognition with F1 Car Simulation Using Convolutional Layers

This paper presents a framework for detecting objects in images based on global features and contours. The first step is a shape matching algorithm that uses the background subtraction process. Object detection is accomplished by an examination of the oversegmentation of the image, where the space of the potential boundary of the object is examined to identify boundaries that have a direct resemblance to the prototype of the object type to be detected. Our analysis method removes edges using bilinear interpolation and reestablishes color sensors as lines and retracts background lines from the previous frame. Object contours are generated with clustered lines. The objects detected will then be recognized using the extraction technique. Here, we analyze the color and shape characteristics with which each object is capable of managing occlusion and interference. As an extension of object detection and recognition, F1 car simulation is experimented with simulation using various layers, such as layer drops, convolutionary layers, and boundary elimination, avoiding obstacles in different pathways.

When is ostensive communication used for joint action?

Joint actions typically require that information relevant for performing a task together is available to the interaction partners. In some situations, such information is perceptually retrievable and salient enough for co-actors to simply use it. In other situations, the relevant information needs to be actively shared among co-actors, e.g., by making it more perceptually salient or indicating it by means of a conventional signal. Here we consider a third case, where the information is not perceptually available and cannot be communicated by conventional means. How do joint action partners coordinate in such situations? We propose that co-actors resort to ostensive communication, that is, they draw attention to the fact that they intend to communicate some specific information. Two experiments tested the proposed role of ostensive communication for joint action. In a non-verbal joint building task, the category membership of different objects was known to only one person in a dyad, who needed to inform the partner which object type to use. In line with our hypothesis, most participants highlighted a particular object category with an ostensive gesture (characterized by containing more submovements than a natural placing movement) to resolve perceptual ambiguity. We conclude that ostensive communication is especially useful for joint action in situations where task-relevant information is not available to all co-actors and where it cannot be perceptually highlighted or conventionally communicated.

Anger, race, and the neurocognition of threat: attention, inhibition, and error processing during a weapon identification task

This study measured event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to test competing hypotheses regarding the effects of anger and race on early visual processing (N1, P2, and N2) and error recognition (ERN and Pe) during a sequentially primed weapon identification task. The first hypothesis was that anger would impair weapon identification in a biased manner by increasing attention and vigilance to, and decreasing recognition and inhibition of weapon identification errors following, task-irrelevant Black (compared to White) faces. Our competing hypothesis was that anger would facilitate weapon identification by directing attention toward task-relevant stimuli (i.e., objects) and away from task-irrelevant stimuli (i.e., race), and increasing recognition and inhibition of biased errors. Results partially supported the second hypothesis, in that anger increased early attention to faces but minimized attentional processing of race, and did not affect error recognition. Specifically, angry (vs. neutral) participants showed increased N1 to both Black and White faces, ablated P2 race effects, and topographically restricted N2 race effects. Additionally, ERN amplitude was unaffected by emotion, race, or object type. However, Pe amplitude was affected by object type (but not emotion or race), such that Pe amplitude was larger after the misidentification of harmless objects as weapons. Finally, anger slowed overall task performance, especially the correct identification of harmless objects, but did not impact task accuracy. Task performance speed and accuracy were unaffected by the race of the face prime. Implications are discussed.

QuickFigures: A toolkit and ImageJ PlugIn to quickly transform microscope images into scientific figures

Publications involving fluorescent microscopy images generally contain many panels with split channels, merged images, scale bars and label text. Similar layouts of panels are used when displaying other microscopy images, electron micrographs, photographs, and other images. Assembling and editing these figures with even spacing, consistent font, text position, accurate scale bars, and other features can be tedious and time consuming. In order to save time, I have created a toolset and ImageJ Plugin called QuickFigures. QuickFigures includes many helpful features that streamline the process of creating, aligning, and editing scientific figures. Those features include tools that automatically create split channel figures from a region of interest (“Quick Figure” button and “Inset Tool”), layouts that make it easy to rearrange panels, multiple tools to align objects, and “Figure Format” menu options that help a user ensure that large numbers of figures have consistent appearance. QuickFigures was compared to previous tools by measuring the amount of time needed for a user to create a figure using each software (QuickFigures, OMERO.figure. EZFig, FigureJ and PowerPoint). QuickFigures significantly reduced the amount of time required to create a figure. The toolsets were also compared by checking each software against a list of features. QuickFigures had the most extensive set of features. Therefore, QuickFigures is an advantageous alternative to traditional methods of constructing scientific figures. After a user has saved time by creating their work in QuickFigures, the figures can be exported to a variety of formats including PowerPoint, PDF, SVG, PNG, TIFF and Adobe Illustrator. Export was successfully tested for each file format and object type. Exported objects and text are editable in their target software, making them suitable for sharing with collaborators. The software is free, open source and can be installed easily.

Restriction by Object: A Restriction Based Purely on Experience or also on Effects?

This article claims that restriction by object is a concept purely based on experience and for which the effects of a disputed agreement are not relevant. While an examination of an agreement’s effects requires a counterfactual assessment, a restriction by object does not. Decisive for a restriction by object is whether a disputed agreement may be subordinated under a by object type of collusion, considering the agreement’s content, objectives, and context, albeit not effects. By object types of collusion can be described as general rules which are inductively based on the experience that agreements with certain content, objectives, and context are sufficiently likely sufficiently harmful to competition.

Comparing the Order of Multi-Layered Modifiers in English, Chinese and Vietnamese in Language Teaching

From the cross-linguistic perspective and cognitive linguistic theory, this study has analysed the rules of multi-layered modifiers in English, Chinese, and Vietnamese, pointing out their common points and differences. Although all three languages belong to the SVO (subject-verb-object) type but modifiers in English and Chinese are in front of the core words, which shows that English and Chinese belong to the language in the left branch, but modifiers in Vietnamese, they are behind the core words which shows that Vietnamese belongs to the right branch. All the three languages have one thing in common, whether they are on the left or on the right branch, in which modifiers have the closest relationship with the core words that will stand nearest to them. Other modifiers that have a non-intimate relationship with the core words will stand further away from them. Thus, mastering this feature of the three types of languages will help in language teaching and learning.

REGULARITIES OF NOMINATION OF SUBSTANTIVE NAMES OF THE CONSTRUCTION SPHERE IN THE MODERN BELARUSIAN LANGUAGE

Onomasiology occupies one of the important places among the sciences that study the lexical and semantic level of language, as it studies both the problems of formation of language nominations and the nominations themselves – the result of these processes. The process of naming, which is the subject of nomination theory, is a complex thought and speech process, which distinguishes several stages: the stage of isolation by consciousness of the object to be named, comprehension of the denoted and the choice of adequate linguistic means of naming. In this regard, of particular interest are derived names in which it is possible to establish onomasiological structure. Onomasiological analysis of nominative units allows to record the features of nominative human activity. Observations show that such an analysis is applicable to derivatives of universes (monosyllabic names), which are formed in different ways, biverbal and polyverbal names. An important issue in modern onomasiology is the study of the types of nominations that are formed on the basis of motivated features, and their relationship with the methods of nomination. The study aims to identify the features of these relationships within the considered thematic subgroups. Taking into account the developed typologies in this work, an attempt is made to consider the onomasiological structure of the names of the construction industry and to isolate the types according to the nature of the onomasiological feature. It is possible to distinguish onomasiological feature for each derived name by reproducing the nominative judgment. Аmong the noun building terminological units, nominations belonging to the promotional type, object type, locative type and qualifying type were singled out. In addition, in the action type there are action-object and adjective-action subtypes. Types and subtypes are considered in connection with nomination methods where derivational means play an important role. The account of affixes allows to correlate language units with character of an onomasiological sign and to establish, what on value of group of subject names have arisen by means of this or that sign and what derivational means are used as bases at these signs.