Justicia wasshausenii, a new name for Justicia andersonii Wasshausen (Acanthaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 213 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Kottai Muthu
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Far North ◽  
New Name ◽  
The Tropics

Justicia Linnaeus (1753: 15) is the largest genus of Acanthaceae (Wasshausen 2002). It comprises about 600 species (Graham 1988), distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres, extending into the temperate regions of North America, with one species found as far north as Quebec in Canada (Wasshausen 1992a). In Brazil, the genus is represented by 128 species (Profice et al. 2015). Among them, Justicia andersonii Wasshausen (1992b: 666) is an illegitimate name, as it is a later homonym of J. andersonii Ramamoorthy (1976: 551). Therefore a new name, J. wasshausenii, is proposed as a replacement name for J. andersonii.

scholarly journals Plauditus cestus (Provonsha & McCafferty, 1982) (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae): New records from Virginia and the Northwest Territories, with notes on color variation

Check List ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Gorski ◽  
Autumn D. E. Fox ◽  
Jordan I. McQueen ◽  
Luke M. Jacobus
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
New Records ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Far North ◽  
Color Variant

Plauditus cestus (Provonsha & McCafferty, 1982) is widespread in eastern and central North America. We provide new data from Virginia that fill a gap in the range of distribution and new data from the Northwest Territories that extend the range of the species by over 1900 km to the northwest. The Northwest Territories specimen represents a new larval color variant, with pronounced coloration of abdominal segment 6. We emphasize the need for additional sampling of aquatic habitats in the Far North.

Diplocarpon earliana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Diplocarpon earliana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Fragaria. DISEASE: Strawberry leaf scorch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout temperate zones and extending into the tropics in Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia and New Guinea; Africa (Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa, Canary Islands); Europe (except Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Russia); North America (Canada, USA, Jamaica); South America (Brazil, Uruguay); Asia (Armenia, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia). Appears to be most important in USA and eastern Europe (CMI Map 452, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersal of conidia from infected leaves. Ascospores appear to be unimportant and in some regions (Poland; 46, 2074) where the perfect state has not been found.

scholarly journals Influence of CO<sub>2</sub> observations on the optimized CO<sub>2</sub> flux in an ensemble Kalman filter

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 13515-13530 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kim ◽  
H. M. Kim ◽  
C.-H. Cho
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
North America ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Ensemble Kalman Filter ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diagonal Element ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Influence Matrix ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. In this study, the effect of CO2 observations on an analysis of surface CO2 flux was calculated using an influence matrix in the CarbonTracker, which is an inverse modeling system for estimating surface CO2 flux based on an ensemble Kalman filter. The influence matrix represents a sensitivity of the analysis to observations. The experimental period was from January 2000 to December 2009. The diagonal element of the influence matrix (i.e., analysis sensitivity) is globally 4.8% on average, which implies that the analysis extracts 4.8% of the information from the observations and 95.2% from the background each assimilation cycle. Because the surface CO2 flux in each week is optimized by 5 weeks of observations, the cumulative impact over 5 weeks is 19.1%, much greater than 4.8%. The analysis sensitivity is inversely proportional to the number of observations used in the assimilation, which is distinctly apparent in continuous observation categories with a sufficient number of observations. The time series of the globally averaged analysis sensitivities shows seasonal variations, with greater sensitivities in summer and lower sensitivities in winter, which is attributed to the surface CO2 flux uncertainty. The time-averaged analysis sensitivities in the Northern Hemisphere are greater than those in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. The trace of the influence matrix (i.e., information content) is a measure of the total information extracted from the observations. The information content indicates an imbalance between the observation coverage in North America and that in other regions. Approximately half of the total observational information is provided by continuous observations, mainly from North America, which indicates that continuous observations are the most informative and that comprehensive coverage of additional observations in other regions is necessary to estimate the surface CO2 flux in these areas as accurately as in North America.

scholarly journals A collection of sub-daily pressure and temperature observations for the early instrumental period with a focus on the "year without a summer" 1816

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1027-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Brugnara ◽  
R. Auchmann ◽  
S. Brönnimann ◽  
R. J. Allan ◽  
I. Auer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Common Error ◽  
Daily Series ◽  
Statistical Correction ◽  
Corrected Data ◽  
Temperature Observations ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. The eruption of Mount Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 is the largest documented volcanic eruption in history. It is associated with a large global cooling during the following year, felt particularly in parts of Europe and North America, where the year 1816 became known as the "year without a summer". This paper describes an effort made to collect surface meteorological observations from the early instrumental period, with a focus on the years of and immediately following the eruption (1815–1817). Although the collection aimed in particular at pressure observations, correspondent temperature observations were also recovered. Some of the series had already been described in the literature, but a large part of the data, recently digitised from original weather diaries and contemporary magazines and newspapers, is presented here for the first time. The collection puts together more than 50 sub-daily series from land observatories in Europe and North America and from ships in the tropics. The pressure observations have been corrected for temperature and gravity and reduced to mean sea level. Moreover, an additional statistical correction was applied to take into account common error sources in mercury barometers. To assess the reliability of the corrected data set, the variance in the pressure observations is compared with modern climatologies, and single observations are used for synoptic analyses of three case studies in Europe. All raw observations will be made available to the scientific community in the International Surface Pressure Databank.

Graphis pergracilisNew to North America, and a New Name forGraphis britannicaSensu Staiger auct.

Evansia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lücking ◽  
Bruce McCune
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
New Name

Research Developments in Rapid Prototyping

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Dickens
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Complete Model ◽  
Valuable Addition ◽  
New Name ◽  
The Impact

Rapid prototyping is a new name for a group of techniques that have largely been developed during the last ten years. They involve producing parts by adding layers of material on top of each other to build a complete model. The research involved on these techniques is mainly being undertaken in North America, Europe and Japan, with many new advances occurring each year. There is still much scope for work in developing new rapid prototyping techniques and applications for the parts produced from them. The impact of these techniques on manufacturing is only just being recognized, but during the next few years academia and industry will accept them as a valuable addition.

scholarly journals A Global Synthesis Inversion Analysis of Recent Variability in CO<sub>2</sub> Fluxes Using GOSAT and In Situ Observations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Wang ◽  
S. Randolph Kawa ◽  
G. James Collatz ◽  
Motoki Sasakawa ◽  
Luciana V. Gatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The precise contribution of the two major sinks for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, terrestrial vegetation and the ocean, and their location and year-to-year variability are not well understood. Top-down estimates of the spatiotemporal variations in emissions and uptake of CO2 are expected to benefit from the increasing measurement density brought by recent in situ and remote CO2 observations. We uniquely apply a batch Bayesian synthesis inversion at relatively high resolution to in situ surface observations and bias-corrected GOSAT satellite column CO2 retrievals to deduce the global distributions of natural CO2 fluxes during 2009–2010. Our objectives include evaluating bottom-up prior flux estimates, assessing the value added by the satellite data, and examining the impacts of inversion technique and assumptions on posterior fluxes and uncertainties. The GOSAT inversion is generally better constrained than the in situ inversion, with smaller posterior regional flux uncertainties and correlations, because of greater spatial coverage, except over North America and high-latitude ocean. Complementarity of the in situ and GOSAT data enhances uncertainty reductions in a joint inversion; however, spatial and temporal gaps in sampling still limit the ability to accurately resolve fluxes down to the sub-continental scale. The GOSAT inversion produces a shift in the global CO2 sink from the tropics to the north and south relative to the prior, and an increased source in the tropics of ~ 2 Pg C y−1 relative to the in situ inversion, similar to what is seen in studies using other inversion approaches. This result may be driven by sampling and residual retrieval biases in the GOSAT data, as suggested by significant discrepancies between posterior CO2 distributions and surface in situ and HIPPO mission aircraft data. While the shift in the global sink appears to be a robust feature of the inversions, the partitioning of the sink between land and ocean in the inversions using either in situ or GOSAT data is found to be sensitive to prior uncertainties because of negative correlations in the flux errors. The GOSAT inversion indicates significantly less CO2 uptake in summer of 2010 than in 2009 across northern regions, consistent with the impact of observed severe heat waves and drought. However, observations from an in situ network in Siberia imply that the GOSAT inversion exaggerates the 2010–2009 difference in uptake in that region, while the prior CASA-GFED model of net ecosystem production and fire emissions reasonably estimates that quantity. The prior, in situ posterior, and GOSAT posterior all indicate greater uptake over North America in spring to early summer of 2010 than in 2009, consistent with wetter conditions. The GOSAT inversion does not show the expected impact on fluxes of a 2010 drought in the Amazon; evaluation of posterior mole fractions against local aircraft profiles suggests that time-varying GOSAT coverage can bias estimation of flux interannual variability in this region.

Key Role of the North Pacific Oscillation–West Pacific Pattern in Generating the Extreme 2013/14 North American Winter

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 8109-8117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Baxter ◽  
Sumant Nigam
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
North Pacific Oscillation ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract The 2013/14 boreal winter (December 2013–February 2014) brought extended periods of anomalously cold weather to central and eastern North America. The authors show that a leading pattern of extratropical variability, whose sea level pressure footprint is the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and circulation footprint the West Pacific (WP) teleconnection—together, the NPO–WP—exhibited extreme and persistent amplitude in this winter. Reconstruction of the 850-hPa temperature, 200-hPa geopotential height, and precipitation reveals that the NPO–WP was the leading contributor to the winter climate anomaly over large swaths of North America. This analysis, furthermore, indicates that NPO–WP variability explains the most variance of monthly winter temperature over central-eastern North America since, at least, 1979. Analysis of the NPO–WP related thermal advection provides physical insight on the generation of the cold temperature anomalies over North America. Although NPO–WP’s origin and development remain to be elucidated, its concurrent links to tropical SSTs are tenuous. These findings suggest that notable winter climate anomalies in the Pacific–North American sector need not originate, directly, from the tropics. More broadly, the attribution of the severe 2013/14 winter to the flexing of an extratropical variability pattern is cautionary given the propensity to implicate the tropics, following several decades of focus on El Niño–Southern Oscillation and its regional and far-field impacts.

The biology of Canadian weeds. 128. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Clements ◽  
Dan E. Cole ◽  
Jane King ◽  
Alec McClay
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Old Fields ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Far North ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Ray Florets ◽  
Noxious Weed

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Asteraceae), known as ox-eye daisy, is a familiar perennial herb with white ray florets and yellow disc florets. It commonly inhabits roadside ver ges, pastures and old fields from Newfoundland to British Columbia, and also as far north as the Yukon Territory. Introduced from Europe, L. vulgare was well established in North America by 1800. The Canadian distribution of L. vulgare has expanded in many areas recently, particularly in western Canada. It can form dense populations that may reduce diversity of natural vegetation or pasture quality, and also serves as a host and reservoir for several species of polyphagous gall-forming Meloidogyne nematodes that feed on crops. It is considered a noxious weed under provincial legislation in Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, as well as under the Canada Seeds Act. Control efforts are sometimes complicated by difficulties in distinguishing ox-eye daisy from some forms of the commercially available Shasta daisy ( L. × superbum).

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