A revision of Calamus (Arecaceae, Calamoideae, Calameae, Calaminae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 445 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-656
Author(s):  
ANDREW HENDERSON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Phylogenetic Species ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Phylogenetic Species Concept ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Qualitative Variables ◽  
Geographic Distributions

A revision of Calamus was carried out based on morphological data. Eight thousand, six hundred and thirty-three herbarium specimens were examined and scored for 14 quantitative and 157 qualitative variables. Application of the Phylogenetic Species Concept to 516 preliminary species of Calamus resulted in recognition of 411 phylogenetic species. Of these, 38 are recognized as new (C. barisanensis, C. brevissimus, C. brunneus, C. calciphilus, C. densifloropsis, C. disjunctus, C. divergens, C. exiguus, C. furvus, C. gaharuensis, C. goramensis, C. heteracanthopsis, C. hosensis, C. impressus, C. insolitus, C. insularis, C. johanis, C. kinabaluensis, C. kubahensis, C. latus, C. lengguanii, C. lobatus, C. notabilis, C. obiensis, C. oresbiopsis, C. oxleyoides, C. pahangensis, C. powlingii, C. saltuensis, C. seropakensis, C. spinosus, C. sulawesiensis, C. tambingensis, C. tapanensis, C. trigynus, C. vinaceus, C. viridis, C. wedaensis). Analysis of quantitative variables and geographic distributions resulted in the division of 11 species into 36 subspecies. Eight species were considered to be ochlospecies (C. erioacanthus, C. inermis, C. javensis, C. melanochaetes, C. micranthus, C. moseleyanus, C. plicatus, C. siphonospathus). Nomenclature, descriptions, and distribution maps are provided for all species. Images of the type specimens of all new species are provided as well as images of most qualitative variables. One hundred and forty–three species are illustrated with images from living plants.

A revision of Attalea (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Cocoseae, Attaleinae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 444 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-76
Author(s):  
ANDREW HENDERSON
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Phylogenetic Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Species Concept ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Qualitative Variables

A taxonomic revision of the neotropical palm genus Attalea based on morphological data was carried out. Nine hundred and two herbarium specimens were scored for 21 quantitative and 33 qualitative variables. Using the Phylogenetic Species Concept, qualitative variables were used to recognize 30 species. These are widely distributed in Central and South America from Mexico to Bolivia and Paraguay, with one species in Haiti. Nomenclature, descriptions, and distribution maps are provided for each species. Qualitative variables are illustrated, and illustrations of 22 living plants are also provided.

scholarly journals The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic–phylogenetic species concept

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1475) ◽  
pp. 1899-1909 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T Staley
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Phylogenetic Species ◽  
Bacterial Taxonomy ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
Phylogenetic Species Concept

The number of species of Bacteria and Archaea ( ca 5000) is surprisingly small considering their early evolution, genetic diversity and residence in all ecosystems. The bacterial species definition accounts in part for the small number of named species. The primary procedures required to identify new species of Bacteria and Archaea are DNA–DNA hybridization and phenotypic characterization. Recently, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have been applied to bacterial taxonomy. Although 16S phylogeny is arguably excellent for classification of Bacteria and Archaea from the Domain level down to the family or genus, it lacks resolution below that level. Newer approaches, including multilocus sequence analysis, and genome sequence and microarray analyses, promise to provide necessary information to better understand bacterial speciation. Indeed, recent data using these approaches, while meagre, support the view that speciation processes may occur at the subspecies level within ecological niches (ecovars) and owing to biogeography (geovars). A major dilemma for bacterial taxonomists is how to incorporate this new information into the present hierarchical system for classification of Bacteria and Archaea without causing undesirable confusion and contention. This author proposes the genomic–phylogenetic species concept (GPSC) for the taxonomy of prokaryotes. The aim is twofold. First, the GPSC would provide a conceptual and testable framework for bacterial taxonomy. Second, the GPSC would replace the burdensome requirement for DNA hybridization presently needed to describe new species. Furthermore, the GPSC is consistent with the present treatment at higher taxonomic levels.

The genus Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) in Greece

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 240 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Brullo ◽  
Matthias Erben
Keyword(s):  
Species Concept ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Phylogenetic Species ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Phylogenetic Species Concept ◽  
The Past ◽  
Distribution And Ecology ◽  
Private Collections

The genus Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) in Greece is taxonomically revised based on morphological and morphometric studies. More than 3000 herbarium specimens were used, sourced mainly from field excursions carried out over the last thirty years by S. Brullo, as well as from numerous collections held in the herbaria of European museums and private collections. A significant aspect of this revision concerned the nomenclatural resolution of critical taxa from Greece. Scanty and unclear original descriptions have led to numerous mis-identifications in the past. Nomenclatural studies have resolved the taxonomic uncertainties and the necessary associated lecto-typifications are published here, notably for those species formerly known as Statice graeca, S. rorida, S. aucheri, S. ocymifolia, S. palmaris, S. prolifera, S. hyssopifolia and S. sieberi. Using the phylogenetic species concept 85 morphologically well-defined species of Limonium are recognized in Greece. The species are predominantly distributed in coastal habitats, being well-adapted to sea spray and even to conditions of marked edaphic salinity. Morphology, nomenclature, distribution and ecology have been analyzed for all species. Taxonomic notes, new illustrations and a list of the examined specimens are also provided. Two new combinations are made (L. proliferum and L. stenotatum) and thirty nine species are described as new to science (L. aegaeum, L. amopicum, L. archaeothirae, L. astypaleanum, L. athinense, L. atticum, L. chersonesum, L. compactum, L. contractum, L. crateriforme, L. dolihiense, L. fragile, L. grabusae, L. helenae, L. heraionense, L. ikaricum, L. isidorum, L. kirikosicum, L. meandrinum, L. microcycladicum, L. minoicum, L. monolithicum, L. oligotrichum, L. pagasaeum, L. parosicum, L. pusillum, L. reticaule, L. samium, L. sartorianum, L. schinousae, L. sirinicum, L. sougiae, L. spreitzenhoferi, L. taenari, L. thirae, L. vanandense, L. vravronense, L. xerocamposicum and L. xiliense). The chromosome complement is reported for 51 species. New chromosome counts are given for 16 species and those of 14 species are confirmed. Finally, an analytical key for the easy identification of the treated species is provided. 24 names are lectotypified in the present paper: Limonium sitiacum (specimen at G), L. runermakii (M), L. hierapetrae (W), L. graecum var. stenotatum (W), Statice echioides (illustration by Magnol), S. aristata (illustration by Magnol), S. serotina (illustration by Reichenbach), S. virgata var. tenia (W), S. rorida, S. palmaris, S. bellidifolia (illustrations by Sibthorph & Smith) S. hyssopifolia (M), S. tournefortii (P), S. carpatha (G), S. pigadiensis (M), S. graeca (P), S. prolifera (M), S. ocymifolia (P), S. aucheri (P), S. corinthiaca (G), S. frederici (P), S. doelferi (M). Isolectotypes were found for: Limonium sitiacum (K, W), L. runemarkii (B, G, W), L. hierapetrae (G, M), L. graecum var. stenotatum (BM, M), Statice virgata var. tenia (M, W), S. carpatha (B, M, W, WU), S. pigadiensis (BM, G, W), S. graeca (BM, C, LD, M, P, OXF), S. prolifera (P), S. ocymifolia (FI, G), S. aucheri (BM, FI, G, P), S. corinthiaca (BM, W, WU), S. frederici (G, FI, K), S. doerfleri (B, FI, G, P, PR, W, WU, Herb. Greuter). An epitype (B) was proposed for S. palmaris.

A revision of Rhapis (Arecaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW HENDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Species Concept ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Phylogenetic Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Species Concept ◽  
Eleven Species

A revision of the Asian palm genus Rhapis is given based on study of 167 herbarium specimens of wild origin from A, AAU, BH, BK, BKF, GH, HN, HNU, HPNP, IBSC, K, KUN, L, MO, NY, P, SYS, US and application of the Phylogenetic Species Concept to a database comprising 13 qualitative and 16 quantitative variables. Eleven species are recognized, including two new ones. Two species are divided into subspecies.

scholarly journals Taxonomic review of Colombian Parodon (Characiformes: Parodontidae), with descriptions of three new species

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Londoño-Burbano ◽  
César Román-Valencia ◽  
Donald C. Taphorn
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
River Drainage ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Maracaibo Basin ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Magdalena River

We review species of Parodon Valenciennes, 1850 from the Magdalena, Cauca, Orinoco, Amazonas, Atrato and Caribbean-Guajira River basins of Colombia using meristic and morphological characters. We recognize eight valid species, five previously described: P. apolinari Myers, from the Orinoco River basin; P. buckleyi Boulenger and P. pongoensis (Allen) from the upper Amazon; P. caliensis Boulenger, from the upper Cauca River drainage; and P. suborbitalis Valenciennes, from Lake Maracaibo basin. Three new species are described: P. alfonsoi, from the lower Magdalena River drainage; P. magdalenensis, from the middle Magdalena and upper Cauca River drainages; and P. atratoensis, from the Atrato River basin. We redescribe Parodon suborbitalis using type specimens and topotypes, and designate lectotypes. A taxonomic key is included for identification of the species, as well as geographic distribution maps.

Subspecies definitions and legislation: from eastern wallaroo (Osphranter robustus robustus) to euro (Osphranter robustus erubescens)

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry J. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Species Concept ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Phylogenetic Species ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Species Concept ◽  
Population Structuring ◽  
Traditional Approaches

As a consequence of genetic studies of population structuring, the usefulness of subspecies has been questioned, with opinions divided. The situation is further confused by the use of varying species and subspecies concepts. Most alternatives require each taxon to be following an independent evolutionary trajectory. These include traditional approaches and the more recent phylogenetic species concept. The latter has led to large increases in the apparent number of taxa in some groups, though strong objections have been raised to this approach. An alternative, the ecological species concept, has been opposed by phylogeneticists. These two approaches are compared using morphological and genetic data from common wallaroo (Osphranter robustus) populations. The different taxonomies that might result (many species, one species with two subspecies, one species with no subspecies) can have significant consequences for legislative and management decisions. The ecological approach is considered preferable for subspecies and the present taxonomy is maintained. A potential location of the boundary between the wallaroo subspecies is proposed. How the use of the different subspecies definitions would affect legislative decisions is explored.

scholarly journals Changes in Fish Taxonomy Affect Freshwater Biogeographical Regionalisations: Insights from Greece

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vavalidis ◽  
Zogaris ◽  
Economou ◽  
Kallimanis ◽  
Bobori
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Taxonomy ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Phylogenetic Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Species Concept ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
Fish Taxonomy ◽  
Region Scale ◽  
Key Indicators

Freshwater fishes are key indicators for delineating biogeographical maps worldwide. However, controversy in regional-scale ichthyogeographic boundaries still persists, especially in areas of high species endemicity, such as in Greece. One problem concerns the taxonomy of the fishes because there have been extensive changes, mainly due to an increased splitting of species in recent years in Europe. Here, we explore why ichthyogeographic boundary disagreements and uncertainties in region-scale biogeographical units persist. We compare cluster analyses of river basin fish fauna in Greece using two taxonomic datasets: the older fish taxonomy (from 1991) and the current taxonomy that now follows the phylogenetic species concept (PSC), which has become widely established in Europe after 2007. Cluster analyses using the older fish taxonomy depicts only two major biogeographical regional divisions, while the current taxonomy defines four major regional divisions in mainland Greece. Interestingly, some older maps from the pre-PSC taxonomy era also similarly show four ichthyogeographic divisions in Greece and we can assume that the older biogeographical work did not solely use numerical taxonomy but followed an expert-guided synthesis; the older regional definitions have persisted quite well despite radical changes in Europe’s fish taxonomy. Through the prism of biodiversity conservation planning, we hope this review may help identify ways to help standardize policy-relevant biogeographical mapping.

A revision of Centaurea sect. Cynaroides (Asteraceae, Cardueae—Centaureinae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 363 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAZEM NEGARESH ◽  
MOHAMMAD REZA RAHIMINEJAD
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Biogeographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution And Ecology ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Close Relatives

The taxonomic status of the taxa known to belong to Centaurea sect. Cynaroides and its close relatives was revised on the basis of herbarium specimens from the authors’ expeditions and other collections. It is established that Boissier is the correct author for C. sect. Cynaroides, and C. regia is designated as a lectotype of this section. Thirty seven species are recognised in the section. Three new species (C. kamalnejadii, C. mozaffarianii, and C. zarrei), four new subspecies (C. amadanensis subsp. ranjbarii, C. cataonica subsp. syriaca, C. gigantea subsp. rechingeri, and C. kurdica subsp. ciliata) and two varieties (C. regia var. longispinosa and C. regia var. purpurea) are described. Two subspecies are reduced to the variety rank, and two varieties are elevated to the subspecies rank. Centaurea sect. Paraphysis is reduced as a synonym of C. sect. Cynaroides. Centaurea onopordifolia is transferred from C. sect. Cynaroides to a new section, i.e. C. sect. Cardueae. Three lectotypes are designated, six lectotypes from previous lectotypifications are rejected and the author names for six species are corrected. The recognized taxa, the relevant synonyms, type details, examined specimen lists, full descriptions and a taxonomic key are provided for this section. Distribution maps are provided for each sections, species, subspecies and varieties. Images of the type specimens of all taxa and also photos of the species in its natural habitat and related fields are provided. Five chromosome counts (2n = 18) are reported for C. amadanensis subsp. amadanensis, C. amadanensis subsp. gymnoclada, C. nemecii, C. regia var. regia, and C. regia var. purpurea. Biogeographical distribution and ecology of taxa of C. sect. Cynaroides are presented and discussed. In addition, cytotaxonomy, homoploidy and evolution of C. sect. Cynaroides are illustrated and discussed. Finally, the pollination of C. sect. Cynaroides is illustrated, and also images of the pollinators of some species of the section are provided.

Nine new species of Enithares (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) from New Guinea, with distributional notes on other species and an updated world checklist

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4772 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-182
Author(s):  
DAN A. POLHEMUS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
First Record ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Key Characters

Nine new species of Enithares are described from New Guinea and immediately adjacent islands: E. peninsularis from the Owen Stanley Mountains of the Papuan Peninsula, E. bosavi and E. papua from southern Papua New Guinea, E. orsaki from northern Papua New Guinea, E. insularis from the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, E. tagula from the Louisiade Archipelago, E. ziwa from the central mountains of western New Guinea, E. arfak from the Arfak Mountains of the eastern Vogelkop Peninsula, and E. kasim from the western Vogelkop Peninsula. Enithares bakeri is newly recorded from New Guinea, and in combination with the new species described above brings the total number of species of Enithares in New Guinea to 16, and the regional total to 19 when including nearby islands of Waigeo, Biak, the D’Entrecasteaux group, and the Louisiade Archipelago. The species concept of E. atra is clarified and geographically restricted to southeastern New Guinea; specimens previously recorded under this name from northern New Guinea are shown to represent the new species E. orsaki. Additional distribution records for 15 previously described Enithares species are provided for many localities in the Malay Archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia, including the first records of E. bakeri from Lombok, Flores, Timor, Halmahera, and Obi; the first record of E. paramegalops from Ambon; the first records of E. gibbera from Kolombangara and Malaita in the Solomon Islands; the first record of E. intricata from Bali; the first records of E. lombokensis from Flores and Sumba; the first records of E. ripleyana from Halmahera, Ternate and Tidore; and the first record of E. ciliata from Borneo. Photomicrographs of key characters and distribution maps are provided for all new species described, accompanied by an updated world checklist for the genus with distributional notes and associated references. 

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