A revision of Hydraena species of the “Haenydra” lineage (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3607 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCO TRIZZINO ◽  
LUCILLA CARNEVALI ◽  
STEFANO DE FELICI ◽  
PAOLO AUDISIO
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Valid Genus ◽  
Water Beetle ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Palaearctic

Hydraena Kugelann represents the largest genus within the water beetle family Hydraenidae, and in particular within Hydraeninae, with about 900 species widely distributed all over the world and several hundreds not yet described. In a recent cladistic analysis, based on morphological characters, Hydraena s. l. was split into two subgenera: Hydraenopsis Janssens (Gondwanian) and Hydraena s. str. (Laurasian). Moreover, within Hydraena s. str., some derived and well-supported monophyletic clades were recognised, and defined as “lineages”. Among them, the "Haenydra" lineage, previously considered by many authors as a valid genus/subgenus, includes 89 species distributed exclusively in western Palaearctic, from Portugal to Iran, but absent in North Africa. The main aim of the present paper is to provide a revision of the whole lineage, re-examining taxonomy, ecology, and biogeography of all known species. All species were therefore redescribed, also providing information about diagnostic characters, taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships, ecology and biogeography. A faunistic dataset, including all the known published, and many unpublished, localities for each species, with a series of detailed geographic maps for each species and species complex, was herein supplied. Finally, dichotomous keys are provided for identification of males of all the "Haenydra" species.

New species, redescriptions and phylogenetic revision of tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from India based on morphological characters

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4551 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. DAVID ◽  
S. RAMANI
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Plant Character ◽  
The World ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
First Time ◽  
Phylogenetic Revision

The tribe Dacini comprising four genera, namely Bactrocera Macquart, Dacus Fabricius, Monacrostichus Bezzi and Zeugodacus Hendel, is a derived lineage in Tephritidae. It is one of the most economically important tribes in Tephritidae harbouring several species of quarantine concern across the world. We describe two new species of Bactrocera Macquart, B. (Parazeugodacus) conica David & Ramani, sp. n. & B. (B.) prabhui David, sp. n. from India. Postabdominal structures of males and/or females of 23 species of Bactrocera, 16 species of Zeugodacus and 8 species of Dacus from India are illustrated and described for the first time, which revealed similarities between Dacus and Zeugodacus with respect to epandrial shape and praeputium patterning. Bactrocera is unique in possessing oval shaped epandrium and an unpatterned praeputium. An analysis of phylogenetic relationships between three genera of the tribe Dacini from India based on morphological characters has been attempted for the first time. Cladistic analysis employing 51 characters of 62 species in Dacini, with seven species as outgroups revealed the monophyly of Dacini, Bactrocera and Dacus with supporting nonhomplasious synapomorphies. Ichneumonopsis Hardy, often included in the Gastrozonini, does not possess any synapomorphies of Dacini, eventhough it appeared at the base of the Dacini clade. Zeugodacus was retrieved as a monophyletic sister-group to Dacus based solely on a single homoplasious host plant character, with weak statistcal support. 

Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4471 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
JULIA J. MLYNAREK ◽  
TERRY A. WHEELER
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Old World ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Valid Genus ◽  
Outgroup Species

The phylogenetic relationships of the chloropid tribe Elachipterini were analysed. Sixty-eight exemplar species and seven outgroup species were included in a cladistic analysis based on 76 morphological characters of adult specimens in order to test existing, non-phylogenetic, classifications of the tribe. Nine genera are recognized in the Elachipterini: Allomedeia Mlynarek & Wheeler, Alombus Becker, Anatrichus Loew, Ceratobarys Coquillett, Disciphus Becker, Elachiptera Macquart, Goniaspis Duda, Melanochaeta Bezzi and Sepsidoscinis Hendel. Myrmecosepsis Kertesz is synonymised with Anatrichus, and Togeciphus Nishijima and Cyrtomomyia Becker are synonymised with Elachiptera. Ceratobarys is removed from synonymy with Elachiptera and all Neotropical species and two Nearctic species previously assigned to Elachiptera are transferred to Ceratobarys. Melanochaeta is a valid genus; the type species Melanochaeta capreolus clusters with other species of Melanochaeta and not Oscinella. New combinations include Anatrichus hystrix (Kertesz, 1914) (Myrmecosepsis); Anatrichus taprobane (Andersson, 1977) (Myrmecosepsis), Ceratobarys attenuata (Adams, 1908) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys cultrata (Wheeler & Forrest, 2002) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys flavida (Williston, 1896) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys melinifrons (Mlynarek & Wheeler, 2008) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys fucosa (Mlynarek & Wheeler, 2008) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys queposana (Mlynarek & Wheeler, 2008) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys rubida (Becker, 1912) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys sacculicornis (Enderlein, 1911) (Elachiptera); Ceratobarys willistoni (Sabrosky, 1948)  (Elachiptera), Elachiptera ensifer (Sabrosky, 1951) (Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera ericius (Kanmiya, 1983) (Togeciphus); Elachiptera katoi (Nishijima, 1955) (Togeciphus); Elachiptera maculinervis (Becker, 1910) (Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera punctulata (Becker, 1912) (Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera subelongata (Kanmiya, 1983) (Disciphus); Elachiptera truncatus (Liu & Yang, 2012) (Togeciphus); Elachiptera tuberculata (Adams, 1905) (Cyrtomomyia) and all the species that were placed in Lasiochaeta are returned to Melanochaeta. A key to genera of the tribe Elachipterini is provided and diagnoses are provided for all genera. The tribe is divided into two geographically distinct clades: the Anatrichus clade includes the Old World tropical genera Allomedeia, Alombus, Anatrichus, Disciphus and Sepsidoscinis; the Elachiptera clade includes the primarily Neotropical genera Goniaspis and Ceratobarys and the widespread, but primarily Holarctic, genera Elachiptera and Melanochaeta. 

scholarly journals Systematics and phylogeny of Dolichopodinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 857 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT E. BROOKS
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Junior Secondary ◽  
The World

The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Dolichopodinae was investigated based on the examination of over 340 species of Dolichopodinae from all zoogeographic regions. Sixty-five exemplar species were included in a cladistic analysis based on 74 morphological characters of adult specimens. Twenty genera are recognized in the Dolichopodinae: Allohercostomus Yang, Saigusa & Masunaga, Anasyntormon Parent, Argyrochlamys Lamb, Cheiromyia Dyte, Dolichopus Latreille, Gymnopternus Loew, Hercostomus Loew, Metaparaclius Becker, Muscidideicus Becker, Ortochile Latreille, Paraclius Loew, Parahercostomus Yang, Saigusa & Masunaga, Pelastoneurus Loew, Platyopsis Parent, Poecilobothrus Mik, Prohercostomus Grichanov, Stenopygium Becker, Sybistroma Meigen, Tachytrechus Haliday, and New Genus A. Eleven genera are newly synonymized: Halaiba Parent (=Argyrochlamys Lamb); Lichtwardtia Enderlein (=Dolichopus Latreille); Phalacrosoma Becker (=Hercostomus Loew); Steleopyga Grootaert & Meuffels (=Hercostomus Loew); Proarchus Aldrich (=Pelastoneurus Loew); Sarcionus Aldrich (=Pelastoneurus Loew); Pterostylus Mik (=Poecilobothrus Mik); Ludovicius Rondani (=Sybistroma Meigen); Nodicornis Rondani (=Sybistroma Meigen); Gonioneurum Becker (=Tachytrechus Haliday); Syntomoneurum Becker (=Tachytrechus Haliday). The following new generic combinations are established: Argyrochlamys breviseta (Parent), Argyrochlamys cavicola (Parent), Cheiromyia maculipennis (Van Duzee), Dolichopus angulicornis (Grichanov), Dolichopus clypeatus (Grichanov), Dolichopus emelyanovi (Grichanov), Dolichopus fractinervis (Parent), Dolichopus hilgerae (Grichanov), Dolichopus hollisi (Grichanov), Dolichopus maculatus (Parent), Dolichopus minusculus (Parent), Dolichopus mironovi (Grichanov), Dolichopus nigrifacies (Grichanov), Dolichopus nigrotorquatus (Parent), Dolichopus nikolaevae (Grichanov), Dolichopus sukharevae (Grichanov), Dolichopus tikhonovi (Grichanov), Hercostomus amoenus (Becker), Hercostomus argyreus (Wei & Lui), Hercostomus briarea (Wei & Lui), Hercostomus dactylocera (Grootaert & Meuffels), Hercostomus fulgidipes (Becker), Hercostomus hubeiensis (Yang), Hercostomus imperfectus (Becker), Hercostomus postiseta (Yang & Saigusa), Hercostomus zygolipes (Grootaert & Meuffels), Poecilobothrus aberrans (Loew), Poecilobothrus chrysozygos (Wiedemann), Prohercostomus bickeli (Evenhuis), Prohercostomus interceptus (Meunier), Prohercostomus intremulus (Meunier), Prohercostomus meunierianus (Evenhuis), Prohercostomus monotonus (Meunier), Prohercostomus negotiosus (Meunier), Prohercostomus notabilis (Meunier), Prohercostomus noxialis (Meunier), Prohercostomus vulgaris (Meunier), Stenopygium punctipennis (Say), Sybistroma acutatus (Yang), Sybistroma apicicrassus (Yang & Saigusa), Sybistroma apicilarius (Yang), Sybistroma biaristatus (Yang), Sybistroma biniger (Yang & Saigusa), Sybistroma bogoria (Grichanov), Sybistroma brevidigitatus (Yang & Saigusa), Sybistroma crinicauda (Zetterstedt), Sybistroma curvatus (Yang), Sybistroma digitiformis (Yang, Yang & Li), Sybistroma dorsalis (Yang), Sybistroma emeishanus (Yang), Sybistroma eucerus (Loew), Sybistroma fanjingshanus (Yang, Grootaert & Song), Sybistroma flavus (Yang), Sybistroma golanicus (Grichanov), Sybistroma henanus (Yang), Sybistromaimpar (Rondani), Sybistroma incisus (Yang), Sybistroma inornatus (Loew), Sybistroma israelensis (Grichanov), Sybistroma longiaristatus (Yang & Saigusa), Sybistroma longidigitatus (Yang & Saigusa), Sybistroma lorifer (Mik), Sybistroma luteicornis (Parent), Sybistroma miricornis (Parent), Sybistroma neixianganus (Yang), Sybistroma qinlingensis (Yang & Saigusa), Sybistroma sciophillus (Loew), Sybistroma sheni (Yang & Saigusa), Sybistroma sichuanensis (Yang), Sybistroma sinaiensis (Grichanov), Sybistroma spectabilis (Parent), Sybistroma sphenopterus (Loew), Sybistroma transcaucasius (Stackelberg), Sybistroma yunnanensis (Yang), Tachytrechus alatus (Becker), Tachytrechus analis (Parent), Tachytrechus beckeri (Parent), Tachytrechus giganteus (Brooks), Tachytrechus varus (Becker). Pelastoneurus lineatus de Meijere, 1916, junior secondary homonym of Pelastoneurus lineatus Aldrich, 1896, is given the new replacement name Pelastoneurus neolineatus nom. nov. Four genera are excluded from the subfamily including Colobocerus Parent, Katangaia Parent, Pseudohercostomus Stackelberg and Vetimicrotes Dyte. A key to the world genera of Dolichopodinae is provided.

Is Elsiella Froeschner, 1981 a valid genus? (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3238 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
FELIPE LORENZ SIMÕES ◽  
AUGUSTO FERRARI ◽  
JOCÉLIA GRAZIA
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Male Specimen ◽  
Valid Genus ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae

The genus Elsiella Froeschner, 1981 is validated based on the analysis of a recently found male specimen of E. plana(Walker, 1867). A cladistic analysis comprising a data set of 40 morphological characters and 22 taxa, including the generaElsiella, Serdia Stål, Similliserdia Fortes & Grazia, Neotibilis Grazia & Barcellos, and Tibilis Stål, was performed. Elsiellaplana is redescribed and illustrated. Maps are provided for Elsiella and Serdia with biogeographical considerations for Serdia.

Phylogenetic relationships between the genera Aphidius and Lysaphidus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) with description of Aphidius iranicus sp. nov.

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Tomanović ◽  
Ehsan Rakhshani ◽  
Petr Starý ◽  
Nickolas G. Kavallieratos ◽  
Ljubiša Ž. Stanisavljević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Position ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Artemisia Absinthium ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Generic Status

AbstractWe analyzed the phylogenetic relationships between eight Aphidius Nees and six Lysaphidus Smith species on the basis of 12 morphological characters by parsimony analysis. The consensus tree does not support the generic status of Lysaphidus. Aphidius iranicus, sp. nov., associated with Titanosiphon bellicosum Nevsky on Artemisia absinthium L. from Iran, is described. The new parasitoid species is described and illustrated by line drawings, and its diagnostic characters are discussed. The taxonomic position of the subgenus Tremblayia Tizado and Núñez-Pérez is also considered. Tremblayia and Lysaphidus are newly classified as synonyms of Aphidius. The following new or revised combinations are proposed: Aphidius adelocarinus Smith, comb. rev., A. ramythirus Smith, comb. rev., A. rosaphidis Smith, comb. rev., A. viaticus (Sedlag), comb. nov., A. arvensis (Starý), comb. nov., and A. erysimi (Starý), comb. nov.

A cladistic analysis of the Old World species of Lotus L. (Fabaceae: Loteae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M Arambarri
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Strict Consensus Tree ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Species Phylogeny ◽  
The World

The diagnostic characters of the genus Lotus L. are a claw with a thickened infolded margin, diadelphous stamens, and a style hardened from the base. This genus contains about 100 species that are distributed throughout the world. To investigate the phylogeny of the Old World species of Lotus, subgenus Edentolotus, sections Krokeria, Xantholotus, and Erythrolotus, a cladistic analysis was performed using 31 morphological characters. To test the phylogenetic relationships among species of Lotus-Edentolotus and Dorycnium, Pedrosia, and Tetragonolobus, these taxa were included as part of the ingroup. The polarity of the characters was based on the outgroup comparison method, using Anthyllis as one outgroup and Tripodion as another. The analysis with Anthyllis as outgroup yielded eight equally parsimonious trees (with all characters equally weighted), each with 62 steps, a consistency index of 0.53, and a retention index of 0.75. All trees (including the strict consensus tree from the eight initial trees) showed that genus Lotus, subgenus Edentolotus, and sections Xantholotus and Erythrolotus are polyphyletic, with only section Krokeria appearing as monophyletic. On the other hand, the groups of species Lotus angustissimus, Lotus corniculatus, Lotus creticus, and Lotus peregrinus are monophyletic. Identical results were derived from the data matrix using Tripodion as the outgroup. Results are compared with previous cytogenetic and biochemical evidence.Key words: cladistic analysis, Fabaceae, Loteae, Lotus, Old World species, phylogeny.

scholarly journals Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2264 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADALGISA GUGLIELMINO ◽  
CHRISTOPH BÜCKLE
Keyword(s):  
New Taxa ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Northern Apennines ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Group V ◽  
Central Eurasia ◽  
Limited Dispersal

A small sector of Northern Apennines the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines constitutes an interesting diversity centre of a new Verdanus species group closely related to V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group. It consists of three species: V. tyrannus sp. nov., V. saurosus sp. nov. and V. rosaurus sp. nov., the latter with two subspecies, V. rosaurus rosaurus ssp. nov. and V. rosaurus rex ssp. nov., which doubtless form a monophyletic group (V. rosaurus group). Data on their distribution, ecology and life cycle are added to their original descriptions. The new taxa live allopatrically in a very restricted area and thus occupy a distribution gap of another species group of Verdanus, the V. abdominalis group, present in Italy in the mountain regions of the Alps and Central and Southern Apennines. A hypothesis of the origin of the new taxa is presented based on the ecological conditions in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines during the last Postglacial period and on the limited dispersal ability of these normally brachypterous insects. Possible synapomorphic characters and phylogenetic relationships of the new taxa with each other and with V. bensoni (China) and the V. limbatellus group (V. limbatellus (Zetterstedt), V. kyrilli (Emeljanov), V. sichotanus (Anufriev), V. kaszabi (Dlabola)) are discussed and a cladistic analysis is conducted. Comparing V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group on the one hand and the V. rosaurus group on the other, some morphological characters appear to change often in parallel on the same paths, independently from the phylogenetic hypothesis. Remarkably, within the same morphological characters the range of variation among species inhabiting the comparatively minute area of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines is similar to that found among other taxa distributed across vast areas of northern and central Eurasia.

Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Chloropinae of the world (Diptera: Chloropidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 889-941
Author(s):  
Paula Raile Riccardi ◽  
Dalton De Souza Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
The World

Abstract The Chloropidae is a species-rich family of flies with about 3000 species in four subfamilies. The Chloropinae is the second most species-rich subfamily with almost 1000 described species in 75 accepted genera. There is agreement about the monophyly of the subfamily; however, the relationships among the genera are still poorly understood and some genera are clearly paraphyletic. Thus, the interpretation of the evolution of morphological traits, such as male terminalia sclerites, remains challenging. This is the first phylogenetic study of the Chloropinae using a formal analytical approach, including representatives of 73 genera of the subfamily and 124 morphological characters. The monophyly of the Chloropinae is corroborated. Chloropella is sister to the remainder of the subfamily. Slightly different analytical procedures show stable clades and rogue taxa. We propose a system for the subfamily with ten tribes, three of which are newly proposed here—Chloropellini trib. nov., Chloropini, Chloropsinini trib. nov., Diplotoxini, Eurinini stat. nov., Lasiosinini, Mepachymerini, Meromyzini, Mindini and Pseudothaumatomyini. Eight genera are kept incertae sedis and two new genera are erected. There is compelling evidence that Chlorops and Ectecephalina are paraphyletic.

Revision of theHesperempisgenus group (Diptera: Empidoidea: Empididae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-210
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Cumming ◽  
Scott E. Brooks ◽  
Toyohei Saigusa
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Palaearctic Region ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Western Palaearctic ◽  
Nearctic Region

AbstractTheHesperempisgenus group is revised. The group includesDryodromiaRondani andHesperempisMelander, withMelanderalusÖzdikem and Başar andToreusMelander newly synonymised withHesperempis,newsynonymy.DryodromiaincludesD. testaceaRondani from the western Palaearctic andD. yunnanicaCumming and Saigusanew speciesfrom southwestern China.HesperempisincludesH. anatolicaCumming and Brooksnew species,H. mabelae(Melander),H. neomexicana(Melander)newcombination,H. sanducaMelander, andH. vesperaCumming and Brooksnew speciesfrom the Nearctic Region, as well asH. melinaCumming and Saigusanew species,H. nipponicaCumming and Saigusanew species, andH. sibiricaShamshev from the Palaearctic Region. A key to the two genera and 10 species is provided, and a cladistic analysis is presented. A new interpretation of the homologies of the male terminalia is proposed for this lineage, and the phylogenetic relationships and zoogeographic history of the group are discussed.

A review of the systematics and phylogeny of the African Proteaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Rourke
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
Savannah Woodland

In Africa the Proteaceae are represented by 16 genera of which two (Dilobeia Thouars. and Malagasia L.Johnson and B.Briggs) are endemic to Madagascar and one (Faurea Harv.) is common to both Madagascar and Africa where it is widespread in forest and savannah woodland from the southern Cape to Eritrea. The remaining 13 genera are Cape-centred (10 are endemic to the western Cape) and with the exception of the monotypic riverine Brabejum L. (Grevilleoideae), are confined to fynbos (heathland) communities on oligotrophic soils. These 12 Cape heathland genera currently assigned to two subtribes (Proteinae and Aulacinae) within the subfamily Proteoideae have all been recently revised or are in the final stages of revision. Preliminary cladistic studies now suggest that they could be arranged in several new subtribes within the subfamily Proteoideae to reflect more accurately their phylogenetic relationships. Using morphological characters in a cladistic analysis, the South African Proteoideae (tribe Proteeae) resolve into two broad groups; Aulax Berg., Faurea Harv. and Protea L. form a weakly supported group while the second, large, well-supported group resolves into two clades in which the heterogeneous Leucadendron R.Br. stands apart while the other clade underpinned by Vexatorella Rourke resolves into two further groups, the ‘Leucospermum group’ and the ‘Serruria group’. The dioecious genera Leucadendron and Aulax previously united in the subtribe Aulacinae have been shown to differ markedly and should probably be placed in separate subtribes. Selection pressure, especially from fire and pollinators, has resulted in major morphological modifications in the 12 fynbos genera from the western Cape.

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