scholarly journals Fire and Rain: The Legacy of Hurricane Lane in Hawaiʻi

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. E954-E967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison D. Nugent ◽  
Ryan J. Longman ◽  
Clay Trauernicht ◽  
Matthew P. Lucas ◽  
Henry F. Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Antecedent Moisture ◽  
Downslope Winds ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Single Station ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Abstract Hurricane Lane (2018) was an impactful event for the Hawaiian Islands and provided a textbook example of the compounding hazards that can be produced from a single storm. Over a 4-day period, the island of Hawaiʻi received an island-wide average of 424 mm (17 in.) of rainfall, with a 4-day single-station maximum of 1,444 mm (57 in.), making Hurricane Lane the wettest tropical cyclone ever recorded in Hawaiʻi (based on all available quantitative records). Simultaneously, fires on the islands of nearby Maui and Oʻahu burned 1,043 ha (2,577 ac) and 162 ha (400 ac), respectively. Land-use characteristics and antecedent moisture conditions exacerbated fire hazard, and both fire and rain severity were influenced by the storm environment and local topographical features. Broadscale subsidence around the storm periphery and downslope winds resulted in dry and windy conditions conducive to fire, while in a different region of the same storm, preexisting convection, incredibly moist atmospheric conditions, and upslope flow brought intense, long-duration rainfall. The simultaneous occurrence of rain-driven flooding and landslides, high-intensity winds, and multiple fires complicated emergency response. The compounding nature of the hazards produced during the Hurricane Lane event highlights the need to improve anticipation of complex feedback mechanisms among climate- and weather-related phenomena.

Simulating Antecedent Moisture Conditions to Calibrate Rainfall Derived Inflow and Infiltration for Sanitary Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (16) ◽  
pp. 1296-1317
Author(s):  
Ben Gamble ◽  
Eric Saylor ◽  
Joseph Koran ◽  
Susan Moisio ◽  
Nancy Schultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antecedent Moisture ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Antecedent Moisture Conditions

scholarly journals A case study on the use of appropriate surrogates for antecedent moisture conditions (AMCs)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 3329-3363 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Ali ◽  
A. G. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Models ◽  
Terrain Attributes ◽  
Antecedent Moisture ◽  
Triggering Conditions ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Antecedent Moisture Conditions

Abstract. While a large number of non-linear hillslope and catchment rainfall-runoff responses have been attributed to the temporal variability in antecedent moisture conditions (AMCs), two problems emerge: 1) the difficulty of measuring AMCs, and 2) the absence of explicit guidelines for the choice of surrogates or proxies for AMCs. This paper aims at determining whether or not multiple surrogates for AMCs should be used in order not to bias our understanding of a system hydrological behaviour. We worked in a small forested catchment, the Hermine, where soil moisture has been measured at 121 different locations at four depths on 16 occasions. Without making any assumption on active processes, we used various linear and nonlinear regression models to evaluate the point-scale temporal relations between actual soil moisture contents and selected meteorological-based surrogates for AMCs. We then mapped the nature of the "best fit" model to identify 1) spatial clusters of soil moisture monitoring sites whose hydrological behaviour was similar, and 2) potential topographic influences on these behaviours. Two conclusions stood out. Firstly, it was shown that the sole reference to AMCs indices traditionally used in catchment hydrology, namely antecedent rainfall amounts summed over periods of seven or ten days, would have led to an incomplete understanding of the Hermine catchment dynamics. Secondly, the relationships between point-scale soil moisture content and surrogates for AMCs were not spatially homogeneous, thus revealing a mosaic of linear and nonlinear catchment "active" and "contributing" sources whose location was often controlled by surface terrain attributes or the topography of a soil-confining layer interface. These results represent a step forward in developing a hydrological conceptual model for the Hermine catchment as they indicate depth-specific processes and spatially-variable triggering conditions. Further investigations are, however, necessary in order to derive general guidelines for the choice of the best surrogates for AMCs in a catchment.

scholarly journals Anatomy of simultaneous flood peaks at a lowland confluence

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5599-5613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjitske J. Geertsema ◽  
Adriaan J. Teuling ◽  
Remko Uijlenhoet ◽  
Paul J. J. F. Torfs ◽  
Antonius J. F. Hoitink
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Main River ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Flood Peaks ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Lowlands are vulnerable to flooding due to their mild topography in often densely populated areas with high social and economic value. Moreover, multiple physical processes coincide in lowland areas, such as those involved in river–sea interactions and in merging rivers at confluences. Simultaneous occurrence of such processes can result in amplifying or attenuating effects on water levels. Our aim is to understand the mechanisms behind simultaneous occurrence of discharge waves in a river and its lowland tributaries. Here, we introduce a new way of analyzing lowland discharge and water level dynamics, by tracing individual flood waves based on dynamic time warping. We take the confluence of the Meuse River (∼33 000 km2) with the joining tributaries of the Dommel and Aa rivers as an example, especially because the January 1995 flood at this confluence was the result of the simultaneous occurrence of discharge peaks in the main stream and the tributaries and because independent observations of water levels and discharge are available for a longer period. The analysis shows that the exact timing of the arrival of discharge peaks is of little relevance because of the long duration of the average discharge wave compared to typical time lags between peaks. The discharge waves last on average 9 days, whereas the lag time between discharge peaks in the main river and the tributaries is typically 3 days. This results in backwaters that can rise up to 1.5 m over a distance of 4 km from the confluence. Thus, local measures to reduce the impact of flooding around the confluence should account for the long duration of flood peaks in the main system.

scholarly journals Secure Utilization of Beacons and UAVs in Emergency Response Systems for Building Fire Hazard

Sensors ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Hyun Seo ◽  
Jung-In Choi ◽  
Jinseok Song
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Building Fire ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Emergency Response Systems

scholarly journals Sara4r: an R graphical user interface (GUI) to estimate watershed surface runoff applying the NRCS – curve number method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Hernández-Guzmán ◽  
Arturo Ruiz-Luna ◽  
Eduardo Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Graphical User Interface ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
R Software ◽  
Antecedent Moisture ◽  
Curve Number Method ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Abstract This paper introduces a graphical user interface (GUI) for the R software that allows calculating the rainfall-runoff relationship, using the Curve Number method. This GUI is a raster-tool whose outputs are runoff estimates calculated using land use/land cover and hydrologic soil group maps. The package allows the user to select among three different antecedent moisture conditions and includes modifications about the initial abstraction parameter. We tested this GUI with data derived from two watersheds in Mexico and the outputs were compared with those produced using a well-established GIS tool in a vector environment. The results produced by these two approaches were practically the same. The main advantages of our package are: (1) ‘Sara4r’ is faster than previous vector based tools; (2) it is easy to use, even for people with no previous experience using R; (3) the modular design allows the integration of new routines and, (4) it is free and open source.

scholarly journals Runoff Estimation of Watershed in Hemavathy Basin using GIS based SCS-CN Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Balakrishna ◽  
H. B. Balakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Antecedent Moisture ◽  
Daily Rainfall Data ◽  
Dam Site ◽  
Hydrologic Variable ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
Scs Cn

Estimation and quantification of catchment surface runoff an important hydrologic variable used in most of the water resources applications watershed development and management problems. In this study, rainfall-runoff relationship of Hemavathy river basin is determined using Soil Conservation Services-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method for runoff estimation for ungauged watersheds. The important parameters considered include land use/land cover, soil, vegetation, drainage, precipitation, contour, slope, daily rainfall data. From the 11year daily rainfall data daily runoff was estimated using SCS CN equation considering antecedent moisture conditions. Daily runoff depth in the watershed was then computed using SCS-CN equation was later converted to runoff volume. It was observed in runoff potential of the watershed about 41% of area having high CN value interprets in more runoff. The runoff thus calculated was compared with gauged flow at dam site observed that regression coefficient is almost same for both estimated and observed data and an increase of about 15% in inflow data as per project authorities in the catchment which may be due to regenerated water from irrigation and presences of perennial streams in the catchment even during non-monsoon months there is inflow observed.

scholarly journals Tracking Precarious Aerial Swaggers using IoT-Enabled Drone

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Nagaraj Telkar ◽  
Pavankumar Naik ◽  
Shrikanta Jogar ◽  
Pratibha Hulagur ◽  
Smeeta Policepatil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Dynamic Tracking ◽  
First Response ◽  
Response Team ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Structural Fires ◽  
Contaminated Area

Emergency response teams are accused with ensuring citizen safety from life-threatening events such as structural fires, gas leakages, vehicle accidents, and precarious material spills. While overseeing such occasions is dangerous, the release of precarious materials, such as toxic chemicals, into the atmosphere is particularly challenging. Upon landing in a scene, response teams must quickly identify the precarious substance and the contaminated area to limit exposure to nearby population centres. For airborne toxins, this appraisal is confounded by natural conditions, for example, alters in wind speed and course that can cause unstable, elevated swaggers to move powerfully. Without a way to dynamically monitor and assess atmospheric conditions during these events, response teams must conservatively predict the extent of the contaminated area, then orchestrate evacuations, and reroute traffic to ensure the safety of nearby populations. In this paper, we propose outfitting drone with Internet of Things (IoT) sensor platforms to enable dynamic tracking of precarious aerial swaggers. Augmenting drone with sensors enables emergency response teams to maintain safe distances during precarious identification, minimizing first response team exposure. Additionally, we integrate sensor-based particulate detection with autonomous drone flight control providing the capability to dynamically identify and track the boundaries of aerial swaggers in real time. This empowers specialists on call for outwardly recognize swagger development and better foresee and disconnect the effect zone. We describe the composition of our prototype IoT-enhanced drone system and describe our initial evaluations.

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