Runoff Estimation of Watershed in Hemavathy Basin using GIS based SCS-CN Method

Estimation and quantification of catchment surface runoff an important hydrologic variable used in most of the water resources applications watershed development and management problems. In this study, rainfall-runoff relationship of Hemavathy river basin is determined using Soil Conservation Services-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method for runoff estimation for ungauged watersheds. The important parameters considered include land use/land cover, soil, vegetation, drainage, precipitation, contour, slope, daily rainfall data. From the 11year daily rainfall data daily runoff was estimated using SCS CN equation considering antecedent moisture conditions. Daily runoff depth in the watershed was then computed using SCS-CN equation was later converted to runoff volume. It was observed in runoff potential of the watershed about 41% of area having high CN value interprets in more runoff. The runoff thus calculated was compared with gauged flow at dam site observed that regression coefficient is almost same for both estimated and observed data and an increase of about 15% in inflow data as per project authorities in the catchment which may be due to regenerated water from irrigation and presences of perennial streams in the catchment even during non-monsoon months there is inflow observed.

A Nature Inspired Color Image Encryption Technique to Protect the Satellite Images

A color image encryption algorithm based on chaotic maps is proposed in this paper. The algorithm is based on two bio-operations: crossover and mutation. To enhance the robustness against differential attacks, the mutated image is subjected to scrambling process operated on the pixel values of the image using a random sequence. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of generating encrypted images with uniform distribution of the pixel values and very low correlation coefficients of adjacent pixels. It is very sensitive to any change in the secret key values. The results show that the algorithm is robust to statistical and differential attacks.

Dual Sprayer for Pesticides and Fertilizers

Day by day the population of India is rising. So it is important to fulfill the need of food, modernization of agricultural sectors. Farmers in our country use fertilizers and pesticides on crops for removing weeds and other unwanted vegetation, insecticides for controlling a wide variety of insects, preventing the spread of bacteria, and compounds used to control mice and rats. Conventionally the spraying is done by farmers carrying backpack sprayer and fertilizers are sprayed manually. It is very harmful to their health and can be dangerous. The efforts required are on the higher side. Pesticide spraying machine is available in the market so there is no issue. But it is acquiring high cost for buying two separate equipment’s for fertilizer and pesticide spraying which isn’t affordable to farmers. So by taking into consideration the present problem faced by farmers we are coming up with the solution of “Dual Sprayer for Pesticides and Fertilizers”. The aim of our project is to minimize the health issues of the farmer, to provide more feasibility with minimum possible cost, to reduce the efforts of farmers of fertilizer spraying and provide both fertilizer and pesticide sprayer in one setup.

Some Studies on the Design Analysis and Fabrication of Wheat Cutting Machine

In this study, collecting of wheat utilizing crop shaper was evaluated. Results demonstrated that the field limit of yield express was 2.44 occasions higher than the manual activity. The work prerequisite was 32.74 and 149.25 man-hr/ha for harvest shaper and manual activity, individually. If there should arise an occurrence of wheat, the field limit of product shaper was 2.23 occasions more noteworthy than manual reaping and work contribution was 23.20 and 115.74 man - hr/ha for yield shaper and manual task, separately. It is expected by the use of this harvesting machine the farmers will be benefiting in terms of money as well as the physical task will be reduced significantly. Overall the cost of this manufactured machine was approx. 6000 INR.

Arc Welding Process Selection through a Quality and Costs

This paper presents a methodology to compare three welding processes, namely SAW (submerged arc welding), SMAW (shield metal arc welding) and GMAW (gas metal arc welding) and to select the best one for a given application. Study is the selection of arc welding process for improving quality and welding cost case in MIE and proposes a method for determining the welding process by comparing time, quality and cost, against one over the other of the three types of Arc welding. The welds were carried out in MIE training center. The selection was based on double criteria: operational costs and non-quality costs. The former is related to the normal costs evaluated in such kind of decision, like consumable cost, labor cost, etc. The is the financial loss suffered by the client every time response variable drifts away from its target value or presents variability. The results indicated that the non-quality and operational costs for the SAW process are slightly lower in comparison to the GMAW and SMAW. SAW is selective among them for quality wise. Therefore, it is the best process for the given application. However; cost incurs little high for GMAW.

Design and manufacturing of double sided automatic chamfering machine

In this era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual effort by mechanical power in all applications of manufacturing. Chamfering is one of the major operation in manufacturing of automotive parts. Many small scale manufacturing industries performs this operation manually as per the requirement of customer. There are many industrial applications where round bar or square bars are required to be chamfered on different machines to make automotive components. To produce such mass productions manually consumes more time as well as man power. In this paper we have designed and developed automated double sided chamfering machine.

Fractal Dimension as a Diagnostic Tool for Cardiac Diseases

The discovery of fractal geometry has been one of the major developments in mathematics. Fractals, defined as selfsimilar structures, provide a new approach to the understanding of irregular structures. The dimensions of complete fractals can be easily calculated as real numbers with the fractal geometry approach. However, most of the structures in nature do not demonstrate self-similarity fully, and different approaches are needed for dimension calculations. These structures with semi-fractal properties are known as quasi fractals. Fractals derived from time series are called statistical fractals and they are an example for quasi fractals. Various methods have been developed to estimate the dimensions of statistical fractals. In this study, the methods which predict dimension in statistical fractals were investigated and the most suitable method for time series was identified. Fractal dimensions were calculated by using ECGs of 236 individuals, and the data set was divided into four disease groups and a control group of healthy individuals. Various statistical analyses were performed using the fractal dimensions of the graphs computed with MATLAB. Statistical hypothesis tests showed that the differences between the group mean of fractal dimensions are significant. Fractal dimensions of ECGs have the potential to be used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of heart diseases.

Role of Crack-Tip Residual Stresses in Stress Corrosion Behavior of Pre-stressing AA7020

This paper analyzes stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pre-cracked samples in the presence of compressive residual stresses generated in the vicinity of the crack tip during fatigue pre-cracking. Research focuses on the role of cracktip residual stresses of compressive nature, generated by fatigue loading, in stress corrosion cracking of pre-cracked samples of medium high strength aluminum alloy 7020 subjected to localized anodic dissolution and hydrogen assisted cracking. Fatigue pre-cracking load on the samples generates compressive residual stresses in the vicinity of the crack tip which improve the stress corrosion behavior of the aluminum alloy by delaying either the metal dissolution or the hydrogen entry, thus increasing the fracture load in an aggressive environment. The rice model of the residual stress distribution in the vicinity of a crack tip may be usedto explain these retardation effects by estimating the stress level and plastic zone size. Microscopically, compressive residual stress produce a transition topography between the fatigue pre-crack and the cleavage-like (unstable) fracture mode.

Fatigue Behavior and Fracture Mechanism of a Hot Rolled AA7020 Aluminum Alloy

Fatigue tests of smooth specimens and CT specimens of a hot rolled AA7020 Aluminum alloy have been performed in laboratory at ambient temperature. Fatigue strength and fatigue crack propagation (FCP) characteristic were evaluated and fracture mechanism was discussed on the basis of crack initiation, small crack growth, and fracture surface analysis. The growth behavior of small and large cracks has been investigated on 7020 alloy.The FCP resistance was found significantly lower than that of other aluminum alloys. The crack growth measurements were performed in CT specimens at constant load ratios ranging from R = 0.1–0.5. The fatigue strength at 104 cycles was 110 MPa that led to a considerably fatigue ratio of 0.1, fatigue failure did not occur. There existed two different modes of crack initiation depending on applied stress level. Above 200 MPa, cracks initiated at the specimen surface in transgranular or intergranular manner due to cyclic slip deformation, while below that stress subsurface crack initiation took place. The growth of small cracks initiated at the surface coincided with the FCP characteristic after allowing for crack closure for large cracks, but the operative fracture mechanisms were different between small and large cracks.

Study the hybrid PV/wind systems in Basrah city

Renewable resources gained more attention in the last two decades due to persisting energy demand coupled with decrease in fossil fuel resources and its environmental effect to the earth. In this work, two cases of hybrid system will be studied. The first one dr. Jawad's home (Assistant professor in Electrical Engineering Department- University of Basrah). It is located in Al-Jazeera area that adjacent to the coast of the Shatt al – Arab that is located about 34 km south of the city center and its coordinates are (30.12° N, 47.49° E) latitude and longitude respectively. He used a hybrid system consist of (PV panels-batteries and the wind power will be studied theoretically by suggests a 4.5kW) wind turbine system) to feeding home's load. The second case study is the laboratories of the Department of Electrical Engineering-University of Basrah.The Department located in Garmat Ali district (part of Al-Hartha area) that is located in the north east of Basrah city and its coordinates are 30.582° N latitude and 47.76° E longitude. The hybrid system that used in this department consists of (PV panels-batteries). Results showed from first case study that the total power saving when using hybrid system resources in the house that consume 33.24 MWh/year about 31.3% by providing 10.4 MWh/year. Through the study of the laboratories of the Department the results show that is possible to operate many electrical appliances at the same time depending on the hybrid system such as fans, lighting, and computers and it is noted that the air conditioners can be operated by using more and more solar cells and batteries.