scholarly journals Role of Horizontal Advection of Seasonal-Mean Moisture in the Madden–Julian Oscillation: A Theoretical Model Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (17) ◽  
pp. 6277-6293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Horizontal Advection ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
Zonal Advection ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of horizontal advection of seasonal-mean moisture (SMM) on Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) dynamics is investigated here using a theoretical model that includes moisture advection processes. The zonal advection of SMM with an eastward gradient is found to produce planetary-scale instability and promote slow eastward propagation corresponding to an intraseasonal periodicity. This is because the SMM advection by an anomalous easterly of the Kelvin waves generates a moisture source to the east of precipitation, which favors eastward propagation and unstable growth. On the other hand, the advection of SMM with a westward gradient results in a westward-propagating unstable mode. For a realistic SMM distribution, the simulated eastward propagation is enhanced over the Indo-Pacific warm pool, while the westward propagation prevails over the central-eastern Pacific. In contrast to the zonal advection of SMM, the meridional advection of SMM only affects short waves and leaves planetary waves nearly unaffected. The effect of zonal advection of SMM suggests an important mechanism for explaining the eastward propagation and growth of the MJO over the Indo-Pacific warm pool when the SMM increases eastward. However, this mechanism alone produces unrealistic Kelvin wave–like structure and strong westward propagation in the central-eastern Pacific; both disagree with observations. These caveats, however, can be remitted if the planetary boundary layer (PBL) moisture convergence feedback is included, which couples the Kelvin wave and the Rossby wave via precipitation heating, producing a realistic horizontal structure and also substantially suppressing the unrealistically growing, westward-propagating mode in the central-eastern Pacific.

scholarly journals Circulation Factors Determining the Propagation Speed of the Madden–Julian Oscillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 3367-3380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guosen Chen ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Convection ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Propagation Mechanism ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Zonal Scale ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACTThe eastward propagating Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) events exhibit various speeds ranging from 1 to 9 m s−1, but what controls the propagation speed remains elusive. This study attempts to address this issue. It reveals that the Kelvin wave response (KWR) induced by the MJO convection is a major circulation factor controlling the observed propagation speed of the MJO, with a stronger KWR corresponding to faster eastward propagation. A stronger KWR can accelerate the MJO eastward propagation by enhancing the low-level premoistening and preconditioning to the east of the MJO deep convection. The strength of the KWR is affected by the background sea surface temperature (SST). When the equatorial central Pacific SST warms, the zonal scale of the Indo-Pacific warm pool expands, which increases the zonal scale of the MJO, favoring enhancing the KWR. This effect of warm-pool zonal scale has been verified by idealized experiments using a theoretical model. The findings here shed light on the propagation mechanism of the MJO and provide a set of potential predictors for forecasting the MJO propagation.

scholarly journals The Spectrum of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves and the Madden–Julian Oscillation in Regions of Low-Level Easterly and Westerly Background Flow

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 2107-2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Roundy
Keyword(s):  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Wave Dispersion ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Kelvin Waves ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Westerly Wind ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Zonal Wavenumber

Abstract The zonal wavenumber–frequency power spectrum of outgoing longwave radiation in the global tropics suggests that power in convectively coupled Kelvin waves and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is organized into two distinct spectral peaks with a minimum in power in between. This work demonstrates that integration of wavelet power in the wavenumber–frequency domain over geographical regions of moderate trade winds yields a similar pronounced spectral gap between these peaks. In contrast, integration over regions of background low-level westerly wind yields a continuum of power with no gap between the MJO and Kelvin bands. Results further show that signals in tropical convection are redder in frequency in these low-level westerly wind zones, confirming that Kelvin waves tend to propagate more slowly eastward over the warm pool than other parts of the world. Results are consistent with the perspective that portions of disturbances labeled as Kelvin waves and the MJO that are proximate to Kelvin wave dispersion curves exist as a continuum over warm pool regions.

scholarly journals Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Caribbean Low-Level Jet on East Pacific Easterly Wave Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin W. Whitaker ◽  
Eric D. Maloney
Keyword(s):  
Warm Pool ◽  
Central American ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Easterly Waves ◽  
Low Level ◽  
East Pacific ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract The east Pacific warm pool exhibits basic-state variability associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and Caribbean low-level jet (CLLJ), which affects the development of easterly waves (EWs). This study compares and contrasts composite changes in the background environment, eddy kinetic energy (EKE) budgets, and EW tracks during MJO and CLLJ events. While previous studies have shown that the MJO influences jet activity in the east Pacific, the influence of the MJO and CLLJ on the east Pacific and EWs is not synonymous. The CLLJ is a stronger modulator of the ITCZ than the MJO, while the MJO has a more expansive influence on the northeastern portion of the basin. Anomalous low-level westerly MJO and CLLJ periods are associated with favorable conditions for EW development paralleling the Central American coast, contrary to previous findings about the relationship of the CLLJ to EWs. Easterly MJO and CLLJ periods support enhanced ITCZ EW development, although the CLLJ is a greater modulator of EW tracks in this region, which is likely associated with stronger moisture and convection variations and their subsequent influence on the EKE budget. ITCZ EW growth during easterly MJO periods is more reliant on barotropic conversion than during strong CLLJ periods, when eddy available potential energy (EAPE)-to-EKE conversion associated with ITCZ convection is more important. Thus, the influence of these phenomena on east Pacific EWs should be considered distinct.

scholarly journals Eastern Pacific Warm Pool paleosalinity and climate variability: 0-30 kyr

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Benway ◽  
A. C. Mix ◽  
B. A. Haley ◽  
G. P. Klinkhammer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
Eastern Pacific Warm Pool

scholarly journals Seasonality and Regionality of the Madden–Julian Oscillation, Kelvin Wave, and Equatorial Rossby Wave

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 4400-4416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirohiko Masunaga
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Dynamical Structure ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), Kelvin wave, and equatorial Rossby (ER) wave—collectively called intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs)—are investigated using a 25-yr record of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) measurements as well as the associated dynamical fields. The ISO modes are detected by applying bandpass filters to the OLR data in the frequency–wavenumber space. An automated wave-tracking algorithm is applied to each ISO mode so that convection centers accompanied with the ISOs are traced in space and time in an objective fashion. The identified paths of the individual ISO modes are first examined and found strongly modulated regionally and seasonally. The dynamical structure is composited with respect to the convection centers of each ISO mode. A baroclinic mode of the combined Rossby and Kelvin structure is prominent for the MJO, consistent with existing work. The Kelvin wave exhibits a low-level wind field resembling the shallow-water solution, while a slight lead of low-level convergence over convection suggests the impact of frictional boundary layer convergence on Kelvin wave dynamics. A lagged composite analysis reveals that the MJO is accompanied with a Kelvin wave approaching from the west preceding the MJO convective maximum in austral summer. MJO activity then peaks as the Kelvin and ER waves constructively interfere to enhance off-equatorial boundary layer convergence. The MJO leaves a Kelvin wave emanating to the east once the peak phase is passed. The approaching Kelvin wave prior to the development of MJO convection is absent in boreal summer and fall. The composite ER wave, loosely concentrated around the MJO, is nearly stationary throughout. A possible scenario to physically translate the observed result is also discussed.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Cyclone Amphan (2020) and Southwest Monsoon Onset

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3011
Author(s):  
Heather L. Roman-Stork ◽  
Bulusu Subrahmanyam
Keyword(s):  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Southwest Monsoon ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Upper Ocean Heat Content ◽  
Southeastern Arabian Sea ◽  
The Impact

Cyclone Amphan was an exceptionally strong tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal that achieved a minimum central pressure of 907 mb during its active period in May 2020. In this study, we analyzed the oceanic and surface atmospheric conditions leading up to cyclogenesis, the impact of this storm on the Bay of Bengal, and how the processes that led to cyclogenesis, such as the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Amphan itself, in turn impacted southwest monsoon preconditioning and onset. To accomplish this, we took a multiparameter approach using a combination of near real time satellite observations, ocean model forecasts, and reanalysis to better understand the processes involved. We found that the arrival of a second downwelling Kelvin wave in the equatorial Bay of Bengal, coupled with elevated upper ocean heat content and the positioning of the convective phase of the MJO, helped to create the conditions necessary for cyclogenesis, where the northward-propagating branch of the MJO acted as a trigger for cyclogenesis. This same MJO event, in conjunction with Amphan, heavily contributed atmospheric moisture to the southeastern Arabian Sea and established low-level westerlies that allowed for the southwest monsoon to climatologically onset on June 1.

scholarly journals Joint effect of the western and eastern Pacific warm pools on ENSO cycle

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Qi ◽  
Y. Hou ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
T. Yan
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Enso Cycle ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Equatorial Pacific ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool

Abstract. The zonal displacement of the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) and the meridional displacement of the eastern Pacific warm pool (EPWP) and their responses to wind anomalies over the tropical Pacific were investigated. Joint effect of the WPWP and EPWP on ENSO was examined based on a joint effect index, which is a combination of the standardized anomaly time series of the eastern edge of the WPWP and the southern edge of the EPWP. Results show that both WPWP and EPWP are major providers of warm water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The anomalous eastward extension of the WPWP and abnormal southward extension of the EPWP can supply a large amount of warm water into Nino3 region of the north equator, result in dramatic local SST increase, and trigger El Niño. To the contrary, as scope of the WPWP retreats westward and the EPWP retreats northward, a La Niña will outburst. One cannot separate apart the roles played by the WPWP and EPWP on ENSO, and the joint effect of both warm pools must be considered. A joint index of 1.6 means a new El Niño event is likely to happen.

Nutricline shoaling in the eastern Pacific warm pool during the last two glacial maxima

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasrizal Bin Shaari ◽  
Masanobu Yamamoto ◽  
Tomohisa Irino ◽  
Tadamichi Oba
Keyword(s):  
Warm Pool ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Pacific Warm Pool ◽  
Eastern Pacific Warm Pool
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