Comparison of the Circulation Anomalies Associated with Wet and Dry Extreme Heat in South Korea and Southern–Central Japan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-54
Author(s):  
Ke Xu ◽  
Riyu Lu ◽  
Ying Na ◽  
Baek-Jo Kim ◽  
Jiangyu Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Type A ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Type B ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Southern Central

AbstractThis study indicates a significant variation of humidity on extreme heat (EH) days over South Korea and southern–central Japan during the period 1979–2018. EH is therefore classified into three categories: type-A and type-B wet EH, and dry EH. Their statistical characteristics and formation mechanisms are investigated and compared. Our results suggest that the type-A wet EH is the most destructive, with the highest intensity, longest duration and broadest spatial scale covering most of mid-latitude East Asia. By contrast, type-B wet EH and dry EH are weaker, shorter and mostly confined to northeast Asia. Despite these differences in characteristics, both types of wet EH are caused by the poleward advance of tropical warm and humid air masses as a result of the northward displacement of the Asian westerly jet. By contrast, dry EH is primarily induced by an increase in adiabatic heating and solar radiation resulting from anomalous subsidence.The three types of EH are associated with distinct large-scale teleconnections over Eurasia. A stable and persistent tripole wave pattern is responsible for type-A wet EH. The activity of atmospheric blocking over northern Europe, where the pattern originates, plays a crucial role in maintaining this pattern. By contrast, type-B wet EH and dry EH are related to a quadruple pattern and a Silk Road pattern-like teleconnection, respectively, both lasting for a shorter time. These results highlight the diversity of EH, which suggests that multiple local and large-scale circulations should be considered to improve the forecast skills for EH.

Large-Scale Circulation Anomalies Associated with Extreme Heat in South Korea and Southern–Central Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Xu
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Large Scale Circulation ◽  
Westerly Jet ◽  
Anomalous Anticyclone ◽  
Wave Trains ◽  
Circulation Anomalies

<p>    The large-scale circulation anomalies associated with extreme heat (EH) in South Korea and southern–central Japan are examined using data during the time period 1979–2016. Statistical analysis indicates that EH days in these two regions are concentrated in July and August and tend to occur simultaneously. These EH days are therefore combined to explore the physical mechanisms leading to their occurrence. The composite results indicate that the anomalous atmospheric warming during EH days is dominantly caused by a significant subsidence anomaly, which is associated with a deep anomalous anticyclone over East Asia. Further investigation of the evolution of circulation anomalies suggests that the anomalous anticyclone over East Asia related to EH is primarily initiated by wave trains originating from upstream regions, which propagate eastward along the Asian westerly jet in the upper troposphere. These wave trains can be categorized into two types that are characterized by the precursor anticyclonic and cyclonic anomalies, respectively, over central Asia. The distinction between these two types of wave train can be explained by the wavenumbers of the Rossby waves, which are modulated by both the intensity and the shape of the Asian westerly jet as the background basic flow.</p>

scholarly journals Large-Scale Circulation Anomalies Associated with Extreme Heat in South Korea and Southern–Central Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 2747-2759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Xu ◽  
Riyu Lu ◽  
Baek-Jo Kim ◽  
Jong-Kil Park ◽  
Jiangyu Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Large Scale Circulation ◽  
Westerly Jet ◽  
Anomalous Anticyclone ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Wave Trains ◽  
Circulation Anomalies

Abstract The large-scale circulation anomalies associated with extreme heat (EH) in South Korea and southern–central Japan are examined using data during the time period 1979–2016. Statistical analysis indicates that EH days in these two regions are concentrated in July and August and tend to occur simultaneously. These EH days are therefore combined to explore the physical mechanisms leading to their occurrence. The composite results indicate that the anomalous atmospheric warming during EH days is dominantly caused by a significant subsidence anomaly, which is associated with a deep anomalous anticyclone over East Asia. Further investigation of the evolution of circulation anomalies suggests that the anomalous anticyclone over East Asia related to EH is primarily initiated by wave trains originating from upstream regions, which propagate eastward along the Asian westerly jet in the upper troposphere. These wave trains can be categorized into two types that are characterized by the precursor anticyclonic and cyclonic anomalies, respectively, over central Asia. The distinction between these two types of wave train can be explained by the wavenumbers of the Rossby waves, which are modulated by both the intensity and the shape of the Asian westerly jet as the background basic flow.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ERTS-I Imagery for Inventory Work of Perennial Snow Patches in Central Japan

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 474-474
Author(s):  
Keiji Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Type B ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
North West ◽  
Eastern Side ◽  
Prevailing Wind Direction ◽  
Type C ◽  
Snow Drifting

In order to make the inventory of perennial snow patches in central Japan as a part of the I.H.D. world inventory of perennial ice and snow masses, observations have been continued by the author and collaborators by taking photographs of snow patches from the air every autumn since 1968. The results obtained during the period from 1968 to 1970 were published as the Atlas of perennial snow patches in central Japan (Higuchi and Iozawa, 1971). The flight for observation in 1972 was made on 13 October, just after 5 October 1972 when the Earth resources technology satellite (ERTS-I) imagery of central Japan was obtained. Therefore it was possible to compare the ERTS imagery of perennial snow patches in central Japan with aerial photographs of them.The perennial snow patches can be classified as (a) snow patches developed mainly from avalanching, (b) those developed mainly from snow drifting, and (c) those developed from both. The perennial snow patches in central Japan are mainly those of types (a) and (b). Since the prevailing wind direction in winter is north-west in this area, snow drifting and also avalanching of drifted snow occur at the eastern side of the mountains running southwards from the Sea of Japan. Therefore, 65% of the perennial snow patches of type (a) and 70% of those of type (b) are located at the eastern side of mountains. Fortunately, the ERTS imagery of this area was obtained at a local time when the solar azimuth was 143° so that many of the snow patches were in sunshine. Therefore, comparison of the ERTS imagery of snow patches with aircraft photographs in this case can be used as the data to discuss the limit of observation of small ice and snow masses by this satellite.It was found from comparisons between the ERTS-I MSS imagery of band 4 (0.5 to 0.6 μm), band 5 (0.6 to 0.7 μm) and band 6 (0.7 to 0.8 μm) that the band 4 imagery was best to distinguish snow patches. Snow patches of type A were most clearly seen on the imagery. Since they are located in the valleys where avalanching occurs, the contrast between the white snow surface and the dark valley walls was quite clear. For instance, it was easy on the imagery to find four long snow patches (No. 12 701, 12 708, 12 718 and 12 720 in the Atlas) at the eastern slope of the mountain Tsurugi Dake (2 998 m above sea-level), their width being 30-50 m and their length 1 000-l 500 m. It was difficult on the imagery to distinguish snow patches of type (b) from an exposed surface, since they are not so long as those of type (a), but circular and small. However, big ones of type (b) can be found on the imagery when they are located near ridges in the sunshine. For instance, the snow patch No. 18 509 in the Atlas was seen on the imagery, its size being 200 m X 100 m. Snow patches of type (c) are few and this type seems most difficult to find on the imagery, since they located at the bottom of cirque valleys in the shadow.

scholarly journals Different Trends in Microbial Contamination between Two Types of Microfiltered Water Dispensers: From Risk Analysis to Consumer Health Preservation

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luna Girolamini ◽  
Jessica Lizzadro ◽  
Marta Mazzotta ◽  
Matteo Iervolino ◽  
Ada Dormi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Carbon Filter

The use of microfiltered water dispensers (MWDs) for treatment of municipal water is increasing rapidly, however, the water quality produced by MWDs has not been widely investigated. In this work a large-scale microbiological investigation was conducted on 46 MWDs. In accordance with Italian regulations for drinking water, we investigated the heterotrophic plate counts at 36 and 22 °C for indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria, such as Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Two different MWDs were compared: Type A with Ag+ coated carbon filter and two ultraviolet (UV) lamps, and Type B with a carbon filter and one UV lamp. For each type, the contamination of the input and output points was analyzed. Our findings showed that MWDs are a source of bacteria growth, with output being more contaminated than the input point. Type B was widely contaminated for all parameters tested in both sampling points, suggesting that water treatment by Type A is more effective in controlling bacterial contamination. MWDs are critical devices for water treatment in term of technologies, intended use, and sanitization procedures. The adoption of an appropriate drinking water safety plan associated with clear maintenance procedures and periodic environmental monitoring can ensure the safe and healthy operation of these devices.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ERTS-I Imagery for Inventory Work of Perennial Snow Patches in Central Japan

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiji Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Type B ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
North West ◽  
Eastern Side ◽  
Prevailing Wind Direction ◽  
Type C ◽  
Snow Drifting

In order to make the inventory of perennial snow patches in central Japan as a part of the I.H.D. world inventory of perennial ice and snow masses, observations have been continued by the author and collaborators by taking photographs of snow patches from the air every autumn since 1968. The results obtained during the period from 1968 to 1970 were published as the Atlas of perennial snow patches in central Japan (Higuchi and Iozawa, 1971). The flight for observation in 1972 was made on 13 October, just after 5 October 1972 when the Earth resources technology satellite (ERTS-I) imagery of central Japan was obtained. Therefore it was possible to compare the ERTS imagery of perennial snow patches in central Japan with aerial photographs of them. The perennial snow patches can be classified as (a) snow patches developed mainly from avalanching, (b) those developed mainly from snow drifting, and (c) those developed from both. The perennial snow patches in central Japan are mainly those of types (a) and (b). Since the prevailing wind direction in winter is north-west in this area, snow drifting and also avalanching of drifted snow occur at the eastern side of the mountains running southwards from the Sea of Japan. Therefore, 65% of the perennial snow patches of type (a) and 70% of those of type (b) are located at the eastern side of mountains. Fortunately, the ERTS imagery of this area was obtained at a local time when the solar azimuth was 143° so that many of the snow patches were in sunshine. Therefore, comparison of the ERTS imagery of snow patches with aircraft photographs in this case can be used as the data to discuss the limit of observation of small ice and snow masses by this satellite. It was found from comparisons between the ERTS-I MSS imagery of band 4 (0.5 to 0.6 μm), band 5 (0.6 to 0.7 μm) and band 6 (0.7 to 0.8 μm) that the band 4 imagery was best to distinguish snow patches. Snow patches of type A were most clearly seen on the imagery. Since they are located in the valleys where avalanching occurs, the contrast between the white snow surface and the dark valley walls was quite clear. For instance, it was easy on the imagery to find four long snow patches (No. 12 701, 12 708, 12 718 and 12 720 in the Atlas) at the eastern slope of the mountain Tsurugi Dake (2 998 m above sea-level), their width being 30-50 m and their length 1 000-l 500 m. It was difficult on the imagery to distinguish snow patches of type (b) from an exposed surface, since they are not so long as those of type (a), but circular and small. However, big ones of type (b) can be found on the imagery when they are located near ridges in the sunshine. For instance, the snow patch No. 18 509 in the Atlas was seen on the imagery, its size being 200 m X 100 m. Snow patches of type (c) are few and this type seems most difficult to find on the imagery, since they located at the bottom of cirque valleys in the shadow.

Biological and Morphological Studies on Low-Leukemia-Strain Mice with Hodgkin's-Like Neoplasia Induced by Serial Cell-Free Transmission of Leukemic Organs of SJL/J Strain Mice

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
S. Fujinaga ◽  
K. Maruyama ◽  
C.W. Williams ◽  
K. Sekhri ◽  
L. Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Type A ◽  
Reticulum Cell ◽  
Type B ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Serial Transfer ◽  
Strain Mouse ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Cell Neoplasm ◽  
Free Material

Yumoto and Dmochowski (Cancer Res.27, 2098 (1967)) reported the presence of mature and immature type C leukemia virus particles in leukemic organs and tissues such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, liver, and kidneys of SJL/J strain mice with Hodgki's-like disease or reticulum cell neoplasm (type B). In an attempt to ascertain the possibility that this neoplasia may be of viral origin, experiments with induction and transmission of this neoplasm were carried out using cell-free extracts of leukemic organs from an SJL/J strain mouse with spontaneous disease.It has been possible to induce the disease in low-leukemia BALB/c and C3HZB strain mice and serially transfer the neoplasia by cell-free extracts of leukemic organs of these mice. Histological examination revealed the neoplasia to be of either reticulum cell-type A or type B. Serial transfer is now in its fifth passage. In addition leukemic spleen from another SJL/J strain mouse with spontaneous reticulum cell neoplasm (type A) was set up in tissue culture and is now in its 141st serial passage in vitro. Preliminary results indicate that cell-free material of 39th tissue culture passage can reproduce neoplasia in BALB/c mice.

Anticoagulant Activity of β2-Glycoprotein I Is Potentiated by a Distinct Subgroup of Anticardiolipin Antibodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (03) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Galli ◽  
Paul Comfurius ◽  
Tiziano Barbui ◽  
Robert F A Zwaal ◽  
Edouard M Bevers
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Type A ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Type B ◽  
Distinct Subgroup ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Thrombin Formation

SummaryPlasmas of 16 patients positive for both IgG anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies and lupus anticoagulant (LA) antibodies were subjected to adsorption with liposomes containing cardiolipin. In 5 of these plasmas both the anticardiolipin and the anticoagulant activities were co-sedimented with the liposomes in a dose-dependent manner, whereas in the remaining cases only the anticardiolipin activity could be removed by the liposomes, leaving the anticoagulant activity (LA) in the supernatant plasma. aCL antibodies purified from the first 5 plasmas were defined as aCL-type A, while the term aCL-type B was used for antibodies in the other 11 plasmas, from which 2 were selected for this study.Prolongation of the dRVVT was produced by affinity-purified aCL-type A antibodies in plasma of human as well as animal (bovine, rat and goat) origin. aCL-type B antibodies were found to be devoid of anticoagulant activity, while the corresponding supernatants containing LA IgG produced prolongation of the dRVVT only in human plasma.These anticoagulant activities of aCL-type A and of LA IgG's were subsequently evaluated in human plasma depleted of β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI), a protein which was previously shown to be essential in the binding of aCL antibodies to anionic phospholipids. Prolongation of the dRVVT by aCL-type A antibodies was abolished using β2-GPI deficient plasma, but could be restored upon addition of β2-GPI. In contrast, LA IgG caused prolongation of the dRVVT irrespective of the presence or absence of β2-GPI.Since β2-GPI binds to negatively-charged phospholipids and impedes the conversion of prothrombin by the factor Xa/Va enzyme complex (Nimpf et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 884: 142–9), comparison was made of the effect of aCL-type A and aCL-type B antibodies on the rate of thrombin formation in the presence and absence of β2-GPI. This was measured in a system containing highly purified coagulation factors Xa, Va and prothrombin and lipid vesicles composed of 20 mole% phosphatidylserine and 80 mole% phosphatidylcholine. No inhibition on the rate of thrombin formation was observed with both types of aCL antibodies when either β2-GPI or the lipid vesicles were omitted. Addition of β2-GPI to the prothrombinase assay in the presence of lipid vesicles causes a time-dependent inhibition which was not affected by the presence of aCL-type B or non-specific IgG. In contrast, the presence of aCL-type A antibodies dramatically increased the anticoagulant effect of β2-GPI. These data indicate that the anticoagulant activity of aCL-type A antibodies in plasma is mediated by β2-GPI.

Feeding behaviour and bioerosion: the ecological role of the rock-boring urchin, Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1825), in Okinawa reef flat

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Noar Muda Satyawan ◽  
Shelly Tutupoho ◽  
Yusli Wardiatno ◽  
Makoto Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
Type A ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Type B ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Echinometra Mathaei ◽  
Benthic Ecosystems

Erosion rate on corals due to activities of other biota is called bioerosion. The rock-boring urchin, Echinometra mathaei, when it is abundant, plays a significant role in benthic ecosystems, including biological processes like coral erosion. During feeding, E. mathaei erodes calcium carbonate besides grazing on algae living on coral, so it plays an important role in both organic and inorganic carbons in coral reefs. The urchin E. mathaei actively feeds during the night time (nocturnal grazer). Although in Okinawa four types (A-D) of the urchin exist, the research only focused on the types A and B. Type A of E. mathaei produced 0.44951 g feces per day on average while type B produced 0.38030 g feces per day. CaCO3 analysis in feces and gut contents showed bioerosion rate of E. mathaei type A was 0.64492 g/individu/day, and 0.54436 g/individu/day in type B. There were no significant differences in bioerosion impact of E. mathaei type A and B© Laju erosi pada karang yang disebabkan oleh biota, dikenal dengan bioerosi. Bulu babi jenis Echinometra mathaei, ketika melimpah, menjadi sangat berpengaruh terhadap ekosistem bentik termasuk proses biologi seperti erosi karang. Selama aktivitas makan, E. mathaei menggerus kalsium karbonat dalam proporsi yang besar di samping alga yang tumbuh menempel pada karang sehingga memiliki peran penting dalam siklus karbon organik dan anorganik di ekosistem terumbu karang. Bulu babi E. mathaei aktif mencari makan pada malam hari (nocturnal grazer). Meskipun di Okinanawa ada 4 tipe (A-D), pada eksperimen kali ini memfokuskan pada tipe A dan B saja. Tipe A E. mathaei rata-rata memproduksi 0,44951 g feses/hari dan tipe B memproduksi 0,38030 g feses/hari. Berdasarkan analisis CaCO3 yang dilakukan pada feses dan isi lambung, laju bioerosi yang disebabkan oleh E. mathaei tipe A sebesar 0,64492 g/individu/hari sedangkan tipe B sebesar 0,54436 g/individu/hari. Tidak terdapat perbedaan dampak bioerosi yang signifikan antara E. mathaei tipe A dan B©

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document