Bioactive compounds in the algae of Kappaphycus alvarezii from Belang waters, Southeast Minahasa Regency

Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the leading commodities from fisheries and marine sectors in Indonesia. This algae species has many benefits in the fields of marine biology, chemistry, pharmacy, and pharmacology, as well as an excellent nutritional content for health. It is cultivated in the coastal waters of Minahasan Peninsula, especially in Buku Village, Belang District, Southeast Minahasa Regency. This study was carried out to analyze bioactive compound in the algae. Samples of 2-weeks old were taken directly from the cultivation area. Screening test was done qualitatively while an advanced test was done using LC-HRMS method. The results showed 4 bioactive compounds detected in the sample, they are alkaloids, tannins/phenolics, saponins, and flavonoids. From the advanced test, it was found 10 major compounds in the sample, i.e. (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, phthalic acid, D-(+)-proline, maraniol, stigmatellin Y, Pentyl isopentyl phthalate, methyl thiofentanyl, phenylethanolamine, acetyl hexamethyl tetralin, and fucoxanthin.Indonesian title: Senyawa bioaktif pada alga Kappaphycus alvarezii dari perairan Belang, Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara

Screening antibacterial activity ODS fractions of marine sponges against non-pathogenic bacteria tuberculosis Mycobacterium smegmatis

Nine unidentified marine sponges from Bunaken Island waters in Manado Indonesia were observed on anti-tuberculosis (TB) against non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis NBRC 3207 and it was found that the ethanol crude extracts and ODS fractions of these sponges inhibited the growth of bacteria M. smegmatis. Sponge SP.323 is the most inhibiting and showed Intermediate (I) activity with inhibition zones of 9, 11, 11, 8 mm/disk at 10µg/disk., for fraction 3,4,5,6 respectively, and need further experimental analysis to justify the antimicrobial activity, NMR analysis and structure elucidation.

The relationship between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and oceanographic parameters in North Sulawesi waters

Information about oceanographic conditions is important to determine the fertility level of waters. Oceanographic parameters in water can be influenced by global climate factors, one of them is the ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) phenomenon. There have been many studies on the effect of ENSO phenomenon on oceanographic variability, but no studies have been carried out in the waters of North Sulawesi. This study aims to determine the effect of the ENSO phenomenon on the variability distribution of oceanographic parameters in North Sulawesi waters. The data used for this study were Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a from the AQUA-MODIS imaging results, wind reanalysis results from ECMWF, and Nino 3.4 index as an indicator of ENSO from NOAA. The data were processed and analyzed using quantitative analysis methods in the form of graphics. The results showed an indirect effect of the ENSO phenomenon on SST parameters and chlorophyll-a. This is because the effect of the ENSO phenomenon occurred in a certain period: when strong El Niño triggered low temperatures of sea surface and high chlorophyll-a, and when La Niña was strong it triggered high temperatures of sea surface and low chlorophyll-a. Meanwhile, the wind speed pattern showed an insignificant effect because the wind speed was still dominated by the influence of the monsoon pattern.Indonesian title: Hubungan antara El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dan parameter oseanografi di perairan Sulawesi Utara

Management of scad fisheries (Decapterus spp.) in Sulawesi Sea Waters, North Sulawesi Province, using EAFM

There are a large variety and quite abundant types of small pelagic fish that have high economic value in the Sulawesi Sea. One of which is the blue scad fish or commonly known as malalugis (Decapterus macarellus). This study aims to analyze and determine the status of scad fisheries management and to develop recommendations in the management of scad fisheries in the waters of Sulawesi Sea, North Sulawesi Province. The evaluation of fishery management status is carried out using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) through the development of composite index of each indicator of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM). The results showed that, in general, the status of scad fisheries management in North Sulawesi Province, was in ‘good’ category, specifically reviewed from the domain of fish resources fall into the category of “medium”, habitat and ecosystem “good”, fishing techniques “good”, economy “not good”, social “medium” and institutional “good”. Management actions take precedence over domains that have “poor” indicator values. Priority management action is implemented in the economic domain, followed by the domain of fish resources, social, institutional and fishing techniques.Indonesian title: Pengelolaan perikanan ikan layang (Decapterus spp.) di perairan Laut Sulawesi, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, menggunakan EAFM

Accumulation of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg) on brown algae, Padina australis, cultivated in Kima Bajo Waters, North Minahasa Regency

Although heavy metals have relatively low levels in water column and sediments, they will not be degraded and can even be absorbed and accumulated by marine algae. Research on accumulation of heavy metals on algae was done in Kima Bajo Waters, North Minahasa Regency. The research objective was to evaluate the accumulation of four heavy metals, i.e. arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), plumbum (Pb), and mercury (Hg), on brown macroalgae Padina australis. The alga was introduced and cultivated in the research area using bottom method. The same method was also used in the experiment. One-week acclimatization process was done prior the experiment. Sampling of alga’s thallus was carried out every two weeks to measure the concentration of metals. The experiment was terminated after six weeks. Bottom sediment was also collected at the beginning of the experiment to measure the metal concentration. The results showed that the heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) were accumulated in the algae. The highest concentration of Cd, Pb, and Hg accumulated in the algae was 0.15 mg/kg wet weight, 3.5 mg/kg wet weight, and 0.009 mg/kg wet weight, respectively. All the concentrations were higher than the initial concentration of each metal. Accumulation of As was also occurred with the highest concentration (1,9 mg/kg wet weigh) occurred at fourth weeks; however, it was lower than the initial concentration. The accumulation varied according to type of metals and time; accumulation of Cd, Pb, and Hg were occurred on second weeks of cultivations and As on the fourth weeks. It can be concluded that cultivated alga can accumulate heavy metals.Indonesian title: Akumulasi logam berat (As, Cd, Pb, Hg) pada alga coklat, Padina australis, yang dibudidaya di Perairan Kima Bajo, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara

Toleransi logam berat timbal (Pb) pada bakteri indigenous dari air laut Pelabuhan Paotere, Makassar (Heavy metal lead [Pb] tolerance of indigenous bacteria from Seawater in Paotere Port, Makassar)

Marine water which has been polluted by heavy metals such as lead (Pb) from port activities can affect marine life, however several microorganisms are able to adapt in polluted waters due to their resistant capabilities. The research aimed to obtain isolates bacterial which are resistant to Pb and to test their resistant ability. Bacterial isolation was obtained from sediment and seawater taken in Paotere Port, Makassar. The isolation of the resistant bacteria was done using nutrient agar media which contained 10 ppm of Pb. The growth of the bacteria was initially observed macroscopically and microscopically to determine type of the colony. Resistant test for each type of isolate was done by inoculating them on nutrient broth media which contained different concentration of Pb: 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, and a control. The test resulted in eight different isolates, five isolates from sediment samples and three from seawater samples. The results showed that each isolate has different degree of resistant toward Pb. Isolate IA1 has the higher resistant ability, and it was followed by isolate IS5.---Perairan laut tercemar logam berat timbal (Pb), yang bersumber dari aktifitas pelabuhan, dapat mengganggu kehidupan biota laut, namun sejumlah mikrorganisme mampu beradaptasi karena memiliki kemampuan resistan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri yang resistan terhadap Pb dan menguji kemampuan resistansinya. Isolasi bakteri diperoleh dari sampel sedimen dan air laut dari Pelabuhan Paotere, Makassar.Untuk isolasi bakteri resistan menggunakan media nutrient agar yang megandung 10 ppm Pb. Bakteri yang tumbuh diamati secara makropskopis dan mikroskopis sebagai pendekatan awal untuk mengetahui jenis isolat. Uji resistansi dilakukan untuk setiap jenis isolat, yang diinokulasikan pada media nutrient broth pada konsentrasi Pb sebesar 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm. 20 ppm, 25 ppm dan 0 ppm sebagai kontrol. Hasilnya, diperoleh delapan jenis isolat yang berbeda, yaitu lima jenis isolat dari sampel sedimen dan tiga dari sampel air laut. Dari hasil uji memperlihatkan, bahwa setiap isolat memiliki kemampuan resistansi berbeda-beda terhadap Pb. Isolat IA1 kemampuan resistansinya lebih tinggi, kemudian isolat IS5.

Jenis, komposisi, dan kepadatan sampah laut di Teluk Manado, Sulawesi Utara, pada musim hujan (Type, composition, and density of marine litter in Manado Bay during rainy season)

During rainy season, a various type of litter can enter the ocean through rivers. This is a significant contributor to the amount of marine litter in the waters. In order to access the type, composition, and density of the litter during rainy season, this study was conducted in Manado Bay, North Sulawesi. The observation was done on the litter stranded on the beach, and they were classified into two different size groups, macro (>2,5 cm)- and meso (0,5-2,5 cm)-sizes. Malalayang Beach and Bailang Beach were chosen for the location of the study. Litter type, composition, and density was evaluated according to National Marine Litter Monitoring Guide. The result showed that there were 7 types of macro-size and 6 types of meso-size marine litter in Malalayang Beach and it was dominated by glass and ceramic for both sizes. In Bailang Beach, 9 types of macro-size and 7 of meso-size were found, and it was dominated by plastics. It can be concluded that various type of marine litter present in Manado Bay, both macro- and meso- sizes, during the rainy season. The highest composition was the glass and ceramics type. However, the highest density was the plastic type.---Pada musim hujan, berbagai jenis sampah dari daratan masuk ke perairan pantai melalui sungai. Hal ini merupakan penyumbang signifikan bagi jumlah sampah laut di perairan. Untuk menilai jenis bahan, komposisi, dan kepadatan sampah laut pada musim hujan, penelitian ini dilakukan di Teluk Manado, Sulawesi Bagian Utara. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sampah laut yang terdampar di pantai (beach litter), berukuran makro (> 2,5 cm) dan meso (0,5-2,5 cm), di dua lokasi, yaitu Pantai Malalayang dan Pantai Bailang. Sampah laut dievaluasi menggunakan Pedoman Nasional tentang Pemantauan Sampah Pantai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, sampah laut jenis plastik, kaca & keramik, busa plastik, kertas & kardus, logam, karet, kayu, kain, dan bahan lainnya, baik berukuran makro maupun meso ditemukan di perairan. Di Pantai Bailang, komposisi sampah laut berukuran makro dan meso didominasi oleh jenis bahan plastik; tetapi, di Pantai Malalayang didominasi oleh jenis kaca & keramik. Demikian juga untuk kepadatan sampah laut di Pantai Bailang, jenis bahan plastik mendominasi, baik sampah berukuran makro maupun meso. Sedangkan di Pantai Malalayang, jenis kaca & keramik mendominasi kepadatan sampah laut pada semua ukuran. Selanjutnya, dapat disimpulkan, pada musim hujan, berbagai jenis bahan sampah laut berada di Teluk Manado, baik berukuran makro maupun meso. Komposisi terbesar untuk ukuran makro dan meso ialah jenis bahan kaca & keramik. Namun, kepadatan tertinggi untuk ukuran makro dan meso ialah sampah jenis bahan plastik.

Percentage of mangrove canopy coverage and community structure in Batanta Island and Salawati Island, Raja Ampat District, West Papua Province

The research aimed at monitoring the condition of mangrove communities in Batanta Island and Salawati Island, Raja Ampat District, West Papua Province. It used method developed by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences Research Center for Oceanography (P2O LIPI). Method in determining the percentage for the coverage of mangrove communities used a hemispherical photography and the data analysis used ImageJ software in excel tabulation. The result showed that mangrove canopy coverage has decreased from 85.73% in 2017 to 84.14% in 2018. Since the observations in 2015, the percentage of mangroves had no significant change. In average the percentage increased as much as 3.45% from 75.09% in 2015 to 78.54% in 2016. Moreover, it increased again by 7.20% in 2017 (85.73%). It indicates that the average change percentage of mangroves is not significant, and it can be concluded that the mangrove ecosystem in this area does not degrade significantly and has a good growth rate. The average density value was 1254.3 trees per hectare in the period of 2016-2018 or it increased to about 16.5% since 2015. The number of species found at the observation site were 5 species (Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum) scattered in eight observation stations. From these results it can be concluded that mangrove condition at the research location is stable and gets support for the survival of biota associated therein.

Populasi hiu berjalan, Kalabia (Hemiscyllium freycineti), di Perairan Misool, Kabupaten Raja Ampat (Population of the walking shark, Kalabia (Hemiscyllium freycineti), in Misool, Raja Ampat)

Walking shark (Hemiscyllium freycineti) was classified in the Genus Hemiscyllium, a nocturnal organism, lives in benthic zone. Walking shark has limited distribution because of its inability to swim across the sea regardless the close range. Based on those information, the survey was conducted to monitor the potential density of walking shark populations at Misool, Raja Ampat, in order to have data of population and the utilization. This research was conducted by applying Snorkeling Visual Census Method along the coastline using Global Positioning System. A number of 58 individuals walking sharks was found during the survey and they varied from around 61-70 cm (the longest) to about 20 cm (the shortest). The most common size was of 31-40 cm. The length of the survey track was 20.003,74 m (20 km) and the observation area was 109.592,69 m2 with a survey track width of 11 m, so that the density of walking sharks was about 5,29 individuals/ha.Walking shark in Misool have not been used either for food consumption or in trade demand. It can be concluded, the level of density of walking sharks in Misool is under low pressure conditions.---Hiu berjalan (Hemiscyllium freycineti) tergolong dalam genus Hemiscyllium, yang merupakan hewan nokturnal yang hidup di dasar perairan. Hiu berjalan memiliki distribusi terbatas, karena jenis ini tidak mampu berenang menyeberangi laut yang dalam meskipun hanya berjarak beberapa kilometer. Berdasarkan informasi tersebut, maka dilakukan survei kepadatan populasi hiu berjalan di perairan Misool, Raja Ampat, guna memperoleh data populasi dan pemanfaatannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode Snorkeling Visual Census dan survei menyusuri garis pantai berbasis Global Positioning System (GPS). Dari hasil survei, didapatkan jumlah ikan hiu berjalan yang tersensus sebanyak 58 individu dengan ukuran yang bervariasi dari terpanjang sekitar 61-70 cm dan ukuran terpendek 20 cm. Ukuran ikan hiu berjalan yang dominan ditemukan ialahdengan panjang tubuh 31-40 cm (sebanyak 16 individu). Survei ini mencakup panjang lintasan 20.003,74 m (20 km), luas area pengamatan 109.592,69 m2, dan lebar lintasan survei 11 m, sehingga kepadatan ikan hiu berjalan yang diperoleh dari hasil survei yaitu 5,29 individu/ha. Hiu berjalan di Misool belum banyak dimanfaatkan, baik secara konsumsi maupun permintaan perdagangan. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan, bahwa tingkat kepadatan hiu berjalan di Misool dalam kondisi tekanan rendah.

Analisis kesesuaian lahan dan daya dukung ekologis untuk wisata rekreasi pantai di kawasan ekowisata pesisir Deaga, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan (Analysis of land suitability and ecological carrying capacity for beach recreation in the coastal ecotourism area of Deaga, southern Bolaang Mongondow Regency)

Coastal tourism industry grows very fast, so it is very potential to be used as an alternative business to increase the income and welfare of coastal communities. The development of an optimal tourism area requires good planning and management. This study assesses the suitability of land for coastal recreational tourism activities in Deaga Village, Southern Bolaang Mongondow Regency, by measuring the biophysical and supporting parameters at 8 observation stations on Deaga Beach, as well as the ecological carrying capacity of the environment calculated by considering the ecological potential of visitors. The results of the analysis of the suitability of tourism in Deaga Village are categorized as ‘very suitable’ for beach recreation activities with ecological carrying capacity that can accommodate 113 visitors per day. Thus, the coastal recreation tourism business in Deaga Village is very potential to be developed; and by paying attention to the ecological carrying capacity, this can be sustainable.---Pertumbuhan industri pariwisata pesisir berlangsung sangat cepat sehingga sangat potensial dijadikan alternatif usaha untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir. Pengembangan kawasan wisata yang optimal memerlukan perencanaan dan pengelolaan yang baik. Penelitian ini menilai kesesuaian lahan untuk kegiatan wisata rekreasi pantai di Desa Deaga, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan, dengan mengukur parameter biofisik dan penunjang di 8 (delapan) stasiun pengamatan di Pantai Deaga serta daya dukung ekologis lingkungan, yang dihitung dengan mempertimbangkan potensi ekologis pengunjung. Hasil analisis menunjukkan, kesesuaian lahan wisata di Desa Deaga dikategorikan ‘sangat sesuai’ untuk kegiatan rekreasi pantai dengan daya dukung ekologis yang dapat menampung wisatawan 113 orang/hari. Dengan demikian, usaha wisata rekreasi pantai di Desa Deaga sangat potensial dikembang; dan dengan memperhatikan daya dukung ekologis, maka usaha ini dapat berkelanjutan.