Labor Market Uncertainties and Youth Labor Force Experiences: Lessons Learned

2020 ◽  
Vol 688 (1) ◽  
pp. 258-270
Author(s):  
Arne L. Kalleberg
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Nonstandard Employment ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Global North ◽  
Market Uncertainties

Labor market uncertainties have plagued all countries in recent years, but young workers have borne the brunt of these uncertainties. Liberalization of labor markets has transformed work, creating a variety of nonstandard employment relations as well as increasing the number of people who do not have traditional employers. Macro social, political, and economic forces have also made it harder for young adults to gain solid footholds in the labor market. The articles in this issue of The ANNALS present empirical evidence about labor market uncertainties and youth labor force experiences from diverse regions of the world, both in the Global North and Global South: Asia (China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Caucasus and Central Asia); Latin/South America (Mexico, Brazil); Eastern Europe (Lithuania); Western Europe; and the United States. In this epilogue, I summarize the main insights from the articles and draw some broader conclusions about the future of labor market policies to address concerns related to workers’ insecurities and uncertainties.

scholarly journals Returns to Late Aged College Degrees

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Wallace ◽  
Thomas Mroz ◽  
Alex Hathaway
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
College Education ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Individual Level

The benefits of a college education are well documented. However, the majority of existing research focuses on students who matriculate soon after high school graduation. There is little empirical evidence illustrating whether a college degree is similarly beneficial to those already in the workforce, particularly individuals over 50. Nonetheless, the coming years will see the dramatic growth of older individuals, many of whom will continue to be active in the labor force, and policymakers would benefit from effective strategies to improve the labor market outcomes of older individuals. This research proposes to evaluate the labor market outcomes of individuals in Georgia who obtain a bachelor’s degree at age 50 or older by merging state-level individual level labor force (Dpt of Labor) with individual level educational data from the University System of Georgia (USG). Specifically, we explore whether these later-age degrees result in employment opportunities with higher wages and increased retention in the labor force beyond the traditional retirement age of 65 than those who do not attain a bachelor’s degree.  The results will provide policymakers across the United States with information to make informed decisions regarding higher education incentives and policies for older students.

scholarly journals The Opioid Epidemic and the Labor Market

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Dionissi Aliprantis ◽  
Anne Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
Drug Overdoses ◽  
Prescription Pain Relievers ◽  
Overdose Deaths ◽  
Over Time

Drug overdoses now account for more deaths in the United States than traffic deaths or suicides, and most of the increase in overdose deaths since 2010 can be attributed to opioids--a class of drugs that includes both prescription pain relievers and illegal narcotics. We look at trends in drug use and overdose deaths to document how the opioid epidemic has evolved over time and to determine whether it could be large enough to impact the labor force.

The Children of Low-Status Immigrants and Youth Unemployment in the United States and Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Alba ◽  
Nancy Foner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Native Youth

This chapter examines the challenges faced by the children of low-status immigrants in education and the labor market. While youth in general face more challenges in the early twenty-first-century than their parents and grandparents did, many of these second-generation youth face a special set of hurdles because of their disadvantaged immigrant origins. In education, the second generations originating from low-status groups suffer “ethnic penalties.” One reason is that many adults in positions of authority in school systems and workplaces hold prejudices that lead to subtle or occasionally blatant discrimination against these second-generation youth. The problems in the educational system are compounded by those these youth face when they enter the labor market. In general, they are less likely to be employed than native youth with comparable educational attainment, and sometimes, as in France and Germany, these employment penalties are large.

Implications of Changes in Men's and Women's Labor Force Participation for Real Compensation Growth and Inflation

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Anderson ◽  
Lisa Barrow ◽  
Kristin F. Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Phillips Curve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

AbstractDuring the 1990s economic expansion, the United States enjoyed both low inflation and low unemployment. Juhn, Murphy, and Topel (2002) point out that low unemployment for men in the 1990s was accompanied by historically high non-employment suggesting that the 1990s economy was not as strong as unemployment might indicate. We include women in the analysis and examine whether Phillips curve relationships between real compensation growth, changes in inflation, and labor market slackness are the same for men and women and whether measures of “non-employment” better capture underlying labor resource utilization. From 1965 to 2002 the increase in women’s labor force participation more than offsets the decline for men, and low unemployment rates in the 1990s were accompanied by historically low overall non-employment rates. We find that women’s measures of labor market slackness do as well as men’s in explaining real compensation growth and changes in inflation after 1983.

Precarization, Informalization, and Marx

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Diana Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Global South ◽  
Economic Dynamics ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
Global North

It is argued that informalization (used primarily to understand economic dynamics in the Global South) and precarization (used primarily in the analysis of the labor market in the Global North) are in the process of becoming identical phenomena and are both related to the expansion of the reserve army of labor. Insights from Marx are useful in understand both processes, especially his concepts of the value of labor, of formal subsumption vs. real subsumption, and of absolute vs. relative surplus value. The vast expansion and globalization of the labor force has fostered the trend toward a reversion to formal subsumption and facilitated the recommodification of labor.

The Metropolis in “Old World” Constitutional Law

City, State ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 51-102
Author(s):  
Ran Hirschl
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Government Planning ◽  
Global North

This chapter examines the constitutional subjugation of the metropolis throughout much of the Global North in constitutional orders adopted over a two-century span between the late eighteenth century and the 1970s, from the United States and Canada to the United Kingdom, Western Europe, and Australia. It illustrates how constitutional stalemate has emerged in these countries as a result of hardwired city-subverting constitutional frameworks, rigid amendment rules, a lack of political incentives to empower cities, and oftentimes proactive resistance to city power. At least two lessons may be drawn from this chapter. First, in contrast to North America, where litigation is the main channel for debating the constitutional status of urban centers, the megacity discussion in Europe is largely taking place in central government planning and policy-making circles. Second, when it comes to urban agglomeration, the Global North has witnessed a great constitutional silence.

Labor Market Uncertainties for Youth and Young Adults: An International Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 688 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Jun Jean Yeung ◽  
Yi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Labor Market Conditions ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
Market Uncertainties

A crisis for youth labor market conditions has been building globally for more than two decades, reflected in the persistently high rates of youth unemployment around the world, which is about three times as high as that for adults. About one in five young people are not in education, employment, or training, and a large share of young adults are working in the informal economy or in precarious conditions. This volume includes a collection of thirteen articles that examine the causes, patterns, and consequences of labor market uncertainties for youth and young adults in Europe, Latin/South America, the United States, and Asia, as well as a concluding article. They reveal vast inequalities among young people, with those having the least education and lowest skills, females, those with low family socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic minorities, and migrants being the most vulnerable. In this introduction, we describe the global trends and regional variation in labor market conditions for young people, explicate the importance of integrating young people into labor markets, and summarize the findings and policy implications of these articles.

What Can Cave Walls Teach Us?

2011 ◽  
pp. 187-208
Author(s):  
Ruth Gannon Cook ◽  
Caroline M. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Instructional Designers ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Prior Learning ◽  
Electronic Learning ◽  
Education Environment ◽  
Diverse Learning ◽  
E Learning

The question raised in this chapter, “What can cave walls teach us?” is essential because education is increasingly taught within a ubiquitous global electronic venue. Since much of the current electronic learning (e-learning) education environment has been produced in the United States of America, Canada, and Western Europe, many other countries, such as China, Japan, India, and Africa are currently left out of e-learning designs. So the question of how to provide e-learning that accommodates the diverse learning needs of multicultural and multinational learners is becoming critical. This chapter discusses some of the ways instructional designers and educators can utilize lessons learned from the past to facilitate a renaissance of learning across cultures and nations and incorporate prior learning legacies into facilitative, 21st century e-learning. Positive by-products will include more equitable learning opportunities for targeted learners through e-learning and, optimally, more well-rounded learners.

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