Suspending Progress

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brea L. Perry ◽  
Edward W. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Exclusionary Discipline ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
Reading And Math ◽  
Criminological Perspective ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
School Records ◽  
Longitudinal Dataset

An influential literature in criminology has identified indirect “collateral consequences” of mass imprisonment. We extend this criminological perspective to the context of the U.S. education system, conceptualizing exclusionary discipline practices (i.e., out-of-school suspension) as a manifestation of intensified social control in schools. Similar to patterns of family and community decline associated with mass incarceration, we theorize that exclusionary discipline policies have indirect adverse effects on non-suspended students in punitive schools. Using a large hierarchical and longitudinal dataset consisting of student and school records, we examine the effect of suspension on reading and math achievement. Our findings suggest that higher levels of exclusionary discipline within schools over time generate collateral damage, negatively affecting the academic achievement of non-suspended students in punitive contexts. This effect is strongest in schools with high levels of exclusionary discipline and schools with low levels of violence, although the adverse effect of exclusionary discipline is evident in even the most disorganized and hostile school environments. Our results level a strong argument against excessively punitive school policies and suggest the need for alternative means of establishing a disciplined environment through social integration.

Collateral Consequences of Felony Conviction and Imprisonment

Criminology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Wakefield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Felony Conviction ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
Legal Barriers ◽  
Former Inmates

The so-called collateral consequences of imprisonment encompass a host of legal restrictions and deleterious outcomes for former inmates, their families, and their communities. These may result from formal legal barriers associated with a felony conviction to extralegal effects resulting from periods of imprisonment. The universe of collateral consequences, a phrase some scholars decline to use because it diminishes their importance, affects all domains of social life and results from a patchwork of legal restrictions, conditions imposed by the criminal justice system upon release, and the indirect effects of imprisonment on inmates’ families, neighborhoods, and employment prospects. These “collateral consequences,” “punishments beyond the offender,” “invisible punishments,” and “extralegal sentences” form the basis for a growing field in criminology, sociology, and law focused on the contemporary prison boom in the United States. Imprisonment has always influenced the lives of former inmates well after they leave the institution behind, but the rise in imprisonment since 1970 in the United States has exacerbated these effects as well as concentrated them among some segments of the population. Thus, while former felons have always been barred from voting in some states, for example, it is only as a result of mass incarceration that these laws have influenced the outcomes of elections. Finally, though some of the work on collateral consequences described here examines imprisonment in other contexts (e.g., in the United Kingdom), most work in the area is centered on the United States because of its exceptionality with respect to high rates of imprisonment.

Mass Incarceration in the United States and its Collateral Consequences

Sociology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan Mingo ◽  
Anna R. Haskins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Collateral Consequences

Mass incarceration is characterized by comparatively and historically extreme rates of imprisonment in the United States, which rose drastically from the early 1970s through 2007 or so. Disproportionately affecting young, Black men from neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage, many factors contributed to the steady increase in incarceration from the early 1970s forward. While rising crime rates and harsh societal attitudes toward those convicted of crimes played a part, scholars largely argue that increases in both the likelihood of imprisonment for committing a crime and the length of prison sentences drove the increase in incarceration. Supported by more-intensive and place-based forms of policing, individuals and entire communities faced increasing contact with the criminal justice system. Underlying these policy changes lay deeper social, political, and economic drivers, which often varied by state or other jurisdictions. Ultimately, policy changes mandating longer sentences for repeat offenses (such as three-strike laws) and state and federal laws that increased the length of prison sentences for drug-related and violent crime led to a rising incarceration rate, which meant that far more Americans were serving time and for much-longer sentences than ever before. While the rate of incarceration for men has started to decline slightly, rates for women have risen. During the first two decades of the 21st century, researchers have increasingly focused their efforts on understanding and documenting the collateral consequences of mass incarceration. Beyond the individuals directly impacted, incarceration affects the lives of children and families, neighborhoods, communities, and broader society. Individuals and families especially experience detrimental effects in the education, labor market, and health spheres, while communities suffer “spillover effects,” with even those not directly touched by incarceration affected. With nearly one in thirty-six adults living under some form of correctional supervision (whether in prison or jail, or on probation or parole), and many others “marked” by their past experience with the system, mass incarceration has touched the lives of millions of Americans. Further, racial disparities throughout each phase of the criminal justice system, including in policing, arrest, conviction, and sentencing, have resulted in Americans of color disproportionately experiencing incarceration and its attendant effects. As such, mass incarceration is understood to be a major contributor to 21st-century American inequality along lines of race, class, and gender.

Examining Commitment to Prevention, Equity, and Meaningful Engagement: A Review of School District Discipline Policies

2020 ◽  
pp. 109830072095194
Author(s):  
Ambra L. Green ◽  
Heather Hatton ◽  
Sondra M. Stegenga ◽  
Bert Eliason ◽  
Rhonda N. T. Nese
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Students Of Color ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Exclusionary Discipline ◽  
Exclusionary Practices ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
Meaningful Engagement ◽  
Risk Ratios

Although there is increasing awareness of policy decisions contributing to disproportionality in exclusionary practices, few studies have empirically examined common elements of discipline policies across the nation. We utilized a methodological review and the Checklist for Analyzing Discipline Policies and Procedures for Equity (CADPPE) to examine the extent to which current policies reflect recommendations from research regarding best practices for encouraging appropriate behaviors and preventing undesired behaviors, as well as correlations between those policies and exclusionary disciplinary outcomes for all students of color and students of color with disabilities. Data came from 147 district discipline policies and disciplinary outcomes (i.e., suspension and expulsion) from all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The analyses indicated the majority of policies do not include most of the research-based recommendations for preventing the overuse of exclusionary practices. Furthermore, there was no correlation found between CADPPE ratings and the risk ratios for exclusionary discipline for students of color and students of color with disabilities. Implications for policy development and implementation and limitations are provided.

scholarly journals Living Under Surveillance: Gender, Psychological Distress, and Stop-Question-and-Frisk Policing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail A. Sewell
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Stop And Frisk ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Neighborhood Level

A growing body of research is highlighting the collateral consequences of mass incarceration, including stop-and-frisk policing tactics. Living in a neighborhood context characterized by aggressive policing may affect one's mental health, especially for men who are the primary targets of police stops. We examine whether there is an association between psychological distress and neighborhood-level aggressive policing structures (i.e., frisking and use of force by police) and whether that association varies by gender. The 2009-2011 New York City (NYC) Stop, Question, and Frisk Database is aggregated to the neighborhood level (N=34) and merged with individual data from the 2012 NYC Community Health Survey (N= 8,066) via the United Hospital Fund neighborhood of respondents' residence. Weighted multilevel generalized linear models are used to assess main and gendered effects of neighborhood exposures to aggressive police stops on psychological distress measured with Kessler-6 items. The neighborhood stop rate exhibits inconsistent associations with psychological distress; however, neighborhood-level frisk and use of force densities are linked to higher levels of non-specific psychological distress among men, but not women. Specifically, men exhibit higher levels of nervousness, effort, worthlessness, and severe distress in aggressively surveilled neighborhoods. Male residents are affected by the escalation of stop-and-frisk policing in a neighborhood. Living in a context of aggressive policing should be considered an important risk factor that contributes to men's health.-Abigail A. Sewell, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of SociologyEmory University1555 Dickey Dr.Atlanta, GA 30322Vice Provost's Postdoctoral FellowPopulation Studies CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania3718 Locust Walk239 McNeil BuildingPhiladelphia, PA 191014Email: [email protected]: www.abigailasewell.com________________________________This e-mail message (including any attachments) is for the sole use ofthe intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential and privilegedinformation. If the reader of this message is not the intendedrecipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distributionor copying of this message (including any attachments) is strictlyprohibited.If you have received this message in error, please contactthe sender by reply e-mail message and destroy all copies of theoriginal message (including attachments).

scholarly journals A School-to-Prison Pipeline? Exclusionary Discipline and the Production of Delinquency

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Mittleman
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Labeling Theory ◽  
Fragile Families ◽  
Exclusionary Discipline ◽  
Contextual Data ◽  
School To Prison Pipeline ◽  
School Suspensions ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
Juvenile Arrests

There is growing concern that school discipline policies increase children’s risk of contact with the justice system, promoting a “school-to-prison pipeline.” Despite the popularity of this concern, the evidence of discipline’s impact on arrests remains limited in important ways. The current study leverages a unique combination of data sources to provide plausibly causal evidence that school suspensions mark a turning point in children’s lives, increasing their risk of later arrest. Combining fifteen years of data from the Fragile Families and Childhood Wellbeing Study with contextual data on neighborhoods and schools, I estimate that suspended children are two times more likely to experience an adolescent arrest than otherwise similar children. Although suspended children experienced significantly greater escalations in delinquency than their peers, post-suspension changes in behavior are unable to explain the association between childhood suspension and adolescent arrest. Instead, the data are consistent with a labeling theory of school sanctions, whereby suspended children face higher rates of subsequent discipline in ways that are largely unexplained by their reported behavior. At a time when juvenile arrests can permanently alter youth’s risks and opportunities, this study highlights an important mechanism by which schools shape inequality across the institutions that govern children’s lives.

scholarly journals Externalities in the Classroom: How Children Exposed to Domestic Violence Affect Everyone's Kids

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. Carrell ◽  
Mark L. Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Common Shocks ◽  
Reading And Math ◽  
Math Test ◽  
Math Test Scores ◽  
School Records ◽  
Unique Dataset

There is a widespread perception that externalities from troubled children are significant, though measuring them is difficult due to data and methodological limitations. We estimate the negative spillovers caused by children from troubled families by exploiting a unique dataset in which children's school records are matched to domestic violence cases. We find that children from troubled families significantly decrease the reading and math test scores of their peers and increase misbehavior in the classroom. The achievement spillovers are robust to within-family differences and when controlling for school-by-year effects, providing strong evidence that neither selection nor common shocks are driving the results. (JEL D62, I21, J12, J13, K42)

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lopez-Aguado
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Prison Inmates ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Geographic Concentration ◽  
Communities Of Color

This chapter establishes the context for the research explored throughout the book and introduces the “carceral social order” as a concept for understanding the identities and relationships that are socialized by the punitive facility through the sorting and segregation of its charges. In focusing on the prison as a socializing force, I propose that what happens inside the institution has consequences outside it as well. Specifically, I argue that we can recognize the racial sorting of prison inmates in California as a process that has had clear and visible implications for the state’s criminalized communities of color. I contextualize this analysis within existing literature on mass incarceration, the geographic concentration of imprisonment, collateral consequences, and secondary prisonization. This chapter also introduces the research sites that are examined in this work, explains the means used for data collection, and contains an outline of the rest of the book.

The Limits of Expectations and the Minimization of Collateral Consequences: The Experience of Electronic Home Monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Home Monitoring ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
House Arrest ◽  
Alternative To Incarceration

Abstract Electronic home monitoring (EHM), also known as house arrest, is often described by policy makers as a less punitive, more humane alternative to incarceration. However, studies on its use have found it is often not used as an alternative, but rather as an increase in the level of supervision for individuals in the criminal justice system. This fact calls into question whether the language of alternatives and direct comparisons to incarceration obscures our understanding of both the sanction and how individuals experience it. Although previous studies of the experience of EHM have concluded that individuals do not find the sanction overly burdensome, this article articulates the importance of considering 1) how respondents frame their experience on EHM in comparison to incarceration and 2) how they draw on expectations surrounding their legal alternatives. Using 30 interviews with individuals who have been on EHM in Chicago, Illinois, I argue that the pervasiveness of the prison distorts expectations of the legal process and causes respondents to minimize the hardships they detail. Both the existing framing of studies on EHM and the ways in which individuals experience it demonstrate the hegemony of carceral logics in an era of mass incarceration.

RING THE ALARM

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jelisa S. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
Exclusionary Discipline ◽  
School To Prison Pipeline ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In this research, I use theories of framing and social construction to investigate how race and gender are featured in national news coverage of the school-to-prison pipeline, and how policies and practices funnel students from school to the criminal justice system. Results indicate that there are three primary narratives surrounding the school-to-prison pipeline. The first is a narrative that harsh disciplinary practices in schools are irrational and negatively impact all students. The second narrative crafts the school-to-prison pipeline as a social problem for all Black students irrespective of gender. The final narrative emphasizes the impact of exclusionary discipline on Black boys. Each of these narratives functions to erase the experiences of Black girls. Ultimately, I argue that we need to take a more intersectional approach to school discipline policies and take into account how Black women and girls are situated within popular and policy discussions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document