neighborhood context
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Author(s):  
Cohen R. Simpson ◽  
David S. Kirk

Abstract Objectives Understanding if police malfeasance might be “contagious” is vital to identifying efficacious paths to police reform. Accordingly, we investigate whether an officer’s propensity to engage in misconduct is associated with her direct, routine interaction with colleagues who have themselves engaged in misbehavior in the past. Methods Recognizing the importance of analyzing the actual social networks spanning a police force, we use data on collaborative responses to 1,165,136 “911” calls for service by 3475 Dallas Police Department (DPD) officers across 2013 and 2014 to construct daily networks of front-line interaction. And we relate these cooperative networks to reported and formally sanctioned misconduct on the part of the DPD officers during the same time period using repeated-events survival models. Results Estimates indicate that the risk of a DPD officer engaging in misconduct is not associated with the disciplined misbehavior of her ad hoc, on-the-scene partners. Rather, a greater risk of misconduct is associated with past misbehavior, officer-specific proneness, the neighborhood context of patrol, and, in some cases, officer race, while departmental tenure is a mitigating factor. Conclusions Our observational findings—based on data from one large police department in the United States—ultimately suggest that actor-based and ecological explanations of police deviance should not be summarily dismissed in favor of accounts emphasizing negative socialization, where our study design also raises the possibility that results are partly driven by unobserved trait-based variation in the situations that officers find themselves in. All in all, interventions focused on individual officers, including the termination of deviant police, may be fruitful for curtailing police misconduct—where early interventions focused on new offenders may be key to avoiding the escalation of deviance.


2022 ◽  
pp. 001112872110671
Author(s):  
Alyssa W. Chamberlain ◽  
Lyndsay N. Boggess ◽  
Taylor Fisher

Neighborhood characteristics are important considerations when offenders make targeting decisions. Movement patterns among adults and juveniles vary widely, which impacts both the number of crime opportunities and the range of neighborhoods to which an offender is exposed. We test whether offending patterns among adult and juvenile burglars vary based on distances traveled, the types of neighborhoods targeted, and whether suspects acted alone or in a group. Using discrete choice modeling, we draw upon a unique sample of cleared burglaries in a representative city in the south over a 13-year period. Results show that adult burglars consistently travel further and are more sensitive to neighborhood conditions than their juvenile counterparts, but that group participation makes little difference in target decisions.


Daedalus ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
David M. Hureau

Abstract Guns are central to the comprehension of the racial inequalities in neighborhood violence. This may sound simple when presented so plainly. However, its significance derives from the limited consideration that the neighborhood research paradigm has given guns: they are typically conceived of as a background condition of disadvantaged neighborhoods where violence is concentrated. Instead, I argue that guns belong at the forefront of neighborhood analyses of violence. Employing the logic and language of the ecological approach, I maintain that guns must be considered as mechanisms of neighborhood violence, with the unequal distribution of guns serving as a critical link between neighborhood structural conditions and rates of violence. Furthermore, I make the case that American gun policy should be understood as a set of macrostructural forces that represent a historic and persistent source of disadvantage in poor Black neighborhoods.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 391-391
Author(s):  
Frank Infurna ◽  
Kevin Grimm ◽  
Suniya Luthar ◽  
Omar Staben

Abstract The neighborhood context through which individuals interact is shown to be associated with mental and physical health across adulthood. Much less is known regarding potential underlying reasons why, such as protecting against the deleterious effects of stress. This study explores whether objective and subjective neighborhood factors are associated with maintenance of mental health and well-being in the context of monthly adversity. We use longitudinal data from a sample of midlife (N =362) who completed monthly questionnaires for two years. Results show that experiencing a monthly adversity was associated with poorer mental health and well-being. Living in a neighborhood with more disorder was associated with stronger declines in mental health and well-being when a monthly adversity was reported. Our discussion focuses on why the neighborhood context is relevant for middle-aged adults and the various ways through which neighborhood context has the potential to shape the course of development in adulthood.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 917-917
Author(s):  
Dextiny McCain ◽  
Adrienne Aiken Morgan ◽  
Regina Wright

Abstract Previous research suggests depressive symptoms and loneliness are increasingly prevalent among older adults living in lower-income neighborhoods. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with depressive symptoms and loneliness among a sample of older adults from the Healthy Heart and Mind Study (N = 165; mean age = 68.48 (SD = 6.26); 66.7% women; 40.6% African American). It was hypothesized that older adults living in neighborhoods with greater socioeconomic disadvantage would report more depressive symptoms and loneliness than those residing in neighborhoods with less socioeconomic disadvantage. Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and loneliness was assessed using the Revised University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness scale. Neighborhood SES was measured with the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), which allows rankings of neighborhoods by SES disadvantage both statewide and nationally. After controlling for demographic variables (age, sex, and race), linear regression analyses showed that greater neighborhood SES disadvantage was associated with higher depression scores (β = -.094; p = .041) and higher loneliness scores (β = -.258; p = .003). These findings highlight the importance of neighborhood context on mental health in older adults, as underserved populations are more likely to experience declines in mental health under strenuous circumstances. Future research should investigate the impact of neighborhood SES on mental health in aging adults.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
Eunyoung Choi ◽  
Elizabeth Zelinski ◽  
Jennifer Ailshire

Abstract Self-perception of aging (SPA), one’s attitude toward one’s own aging, has been associated with health and well-being in later life. Whereas existing literature identifies individual-level predictors of SPA (e.g., education and health), little is known about the role of neighborhood context. The present study examines whether 1) neighborhood social environment is related to SPA and 2) age moderates this relationship. Our analytic sample includes 11,394 adults aged 50+ from the 2014 and 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (Mean Age=68, SD=10.14, range 50-98). Indicators of neighborhood social environment include (a) perceived neighborhood social cohesion (the trust and social ties among community residents), (b) neighborhood friends, and (c) relatives living in the neighborhood. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the associations of each neighborhood-level indicator with the positive and negative dimensions of SPA. The models controlled for demographic, socio-economic, and health covariates. Greater neighborhood social cohesion (B=0.13, SE=0.01, p<.001) and having neighborhood friends (B=0.14, SE=0.02, p<0.001) were associated with higher levels of the positive SPA. As for the negative dimension of SPA, neighborhood social cohesion was the only significant predictor (B=-0.13, SE=0.01, p<0.001). Furthermore, we found significant interaction effects between neighborhood social cohesion and age: higher neighborhood cohesion was associated with more positive (B=-.003, SE=.00, p<.001) and less negative SPA ratings (B=-.003, SE=.00, p<.001) at younger ages than older ages. Our findings provide insights into how neighborhood social context shapes subjective aging, suggesting that a socially cohesive neighborhood may promote more favorable perceptions of aging, particularly for younger residents.


Author(s):  
Oluwole Adeyemi Babatunde ◽  
Whitney E. Zahnd ◽  
Jan M. Eberth ◽  
Andrew B. Lawson ◽  
Swann Arp Adams ◽  
...  

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood social deprivation and individual-level characteristics on breast cancer staging in African American and white breast cancer patients. We established a retrospective cohort of patients with breast cancer diagnosed from 1996 to 2015 using the South Carolina Central Cancer Registry. We abstracted sociodemographic and clinical variables from the registry and linked these data to a county-level composite that captured neighborhood social conditions—the social deprivation index (SDI). Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, Student’s t-test, and multivariable ordinal regression analysis to evaluate associations. The study sample included 52,803 female patients with breast cancer. Results from the multivariable ordinal regression model demonstrate that higher SDI (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02–1.10), African American race (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.29–1.41), and being unmarried (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.13–1.22) were associated with a distant stage at diagnosis. Higher tumor grade, younger age, and more recent year of diagnosis were also associated with distant-stage diagnosis. As a proxy for neighborhood context, the SDI can be used by cancer registries and related population-based studies to identify geographic areas that could be prioritized for cancer prevention and control efforts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minal Patel ◽  
April Y. Oh ◽  
Laura A. Dwyer ◽  
Heather D'Angelo ◽  
David G. Stinchcomb ◽  
...  

Introduction: Neighborhood environment factors are relevant for dietary behaviors, but associations between home neighborhood context and disease prevention behaviors vary depending on the definition of neighborhood. The present study uses a publicly available dataset to examine whether associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) and fruit/vegetable (FV) consumption vary when NSES is defined by different neighborhood sizes and shapes.Methods: We analyzed data from 1,736 adults with data in GeoFLASHE, a geospatial extension of the National Cancer Institute's Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating Study (FLASHE). We examined correlations of NSES values across neighborhood buffer shapes (circular or street network) and sizes (ranging from 400 to 1,200 m) and ran weighted simple and multivariable regressions modeling frequency of FV consumption by NSES for each neighborhood definition. Regressions were also stratified by gender.Results: NSES measures were highly correlated across various neighborhood buffer definitions. In models adjusted for socio-demographics, circular buffers of all sizes and street buffers 750 m and larger were significantly associated with FV consumption frequency for women only.Conclusion: NSES may be particularly relevant for women's FV consumption, and further research can examine whether these associations are explained by access to food stores, food shopping behavior, and/or psychosocial variables. Although different NSES buffers are highly correlated, researchers should conceptually determine spatial areas a priori.


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