Experimental Otitis Media in Chinchillas

1980 ◽  
Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Lewis ◽  
Samuel J. Meadema ◽  
James L. Schram ◽  
David J. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Type 3

Otitis media was induced in chinchillas by intrabullar injection of type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae. It was found that the severity of a primary infection was related to the dose of bacteria injected, and animals that had recovered from a primary infection were resistant to reinfection with type 3 S pneumoniae. Middle ear effusions from infected animals contained antibodies to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide, whereas the sera of these animals lacked this antibody, suggesting that resistance to reinfection was due to local immune mechanisms. This idea was tested by immunizing chinchillas by various routes. Animals immunized with formalin-killed type 3 S pneumoniae by intramuscular injection (to stimulate the systemic immune system) or by intranasal inoculation (to stimulate the secretory immune system) were found to be susceptible to infection with type 3 pneumococcus, while animals immunized by inoculation of bacterial suspension directly into the middle ear were resistant to infection. In addition, we found that ampicillin treatment of a primary infection blocks the development of resistance since antibiotic-treated animals were susceptible to reinfection with the type 3 pneumococcus. These results indicate that chinchillas develop an immunity to pneumococcal otitis media following recovery from primary infection and that this immunity is mediated primarily by local immune mechanisms rather than systemic immune responses.

scholarly journals Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frida Enoksson ◽  
Alicia Ruiz Rodriguez ◽  
Chikondi Peno ◽  
Carlos Balcazar Lopez ◽  
Fredrik Tjernström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

ABSTRACT Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common inflammatory disease that primarily affects children. OME is defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation of the middle ear (ME), without any signs of infection and with effusion persisting in the ME for more than 3 months. The precise pathogenesis is, however, not fully understood. Here, we comprehensively characterized and compared the host immune responses (inflammatory cells and mediators) and the overall microbial community composition (microbiota) present in matched middle ear effusion (MEE) samples, external ear canal (EEC) lavages, and nasopharynx (NPH) samples from children with OME. Female patients had significantly increased percentages of T lymphocytes and higher levels of a wide array of inflammatory mediators in their MEE compared to that of male patients, which were unrelated to microbiota composition. The relative abundances of identified microorganisms were strongly associated with their niche of origin. Furthermore, specific inflammatory mediators were highly correlated with certain bacterial species. Interestingly, some organisms displayed a niche-driven inflammation pattern in which presence of Haemophilus spp. and Corynebacterium propinquum in MEE was accompanied by proinflammatory mediators, whereas their presence in NPH was accompanied by anti-inflammatory mediators. For Turicella and Alloiococcus, we found exactly the opposite results, i.e., an anti-inflammatory profile when present in MEE, whereas their presence in the the NPH was accompanied by a proinflammatory profile. Together, our results indicate that immune responses in children with OME are highly niche- and microbiota-driven, but gender-based differences were also observed, providing novel insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms behind OME.

scholarly journals MEKANISME IMUN TERBENTUKNYA KOLESTEATOMA

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia C P Pelealu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Pressure Effect ◽  
Bone Destruction ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Adhesive Molecules ◽  
Temporal Bones

Abstract: Chronic suppurative otitis media associated with cholesteatoma is still a problem that causes high morbidity and mortality. That is due to the cholesteatoma destruction of surrounding bony structures that leads to fatal complications. Cholesteatoma acts benign but is a destructive middle ear tumor. It is characterized by hyperproliferative keratinocytes associated with a progressive and destructive accumulation of desqumated epithelia and keratin in the middle ear or other parts of temporal bones with pneumatization. There are four theories of cholesteatoma: invagination, invasion, metaplasia, and implantation. The main mechanisms of bone destruction are mechanical due to a pressure effect, biochemical factors, and cellular factors related to both innate and adaptive immunities. These immune responses are regulated by immune cells, cytokines, adhesive molecules, degrading enzymes, and osteoclasts.Key words: cholesteatoma, proliferative, bone resorption, cytokines, osteoclastAbstrak: Otitis media supuratif kronis dengan kolesteatoma masih merupakan masalah penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas yang cukup tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena kolesteatoma dapat menyebabkan destruksi tulang sekitarnya, sehingga mudah mengakibatkan komplikasi fatal. Kolesteatoma menyerupai tumor jinak telinga tengah tetapi bersifat destruktif. Kelainan ini ditandai oleh adanya hiperproliferasi keratinosit disertai akumulasi deskuamasi epitel atau keratin di dalam telinga tengah atau bagian lain tulang temporal yang berpneumatisasi, yang bersifat progresif dan destruktif. Terdapat empat teori pembentukan kolesteatoma yaitu metaplasi, invaginasi, invasi, dan implantasi. Terjadinya destruksi tulang melalui faktor mekanis akibat efek penekanan, faktor biokimia, dan faktor seluler yang berkaitan dengan respon imun alamiah maupun adaptif yang diatur oleh sel-sel imun, sitokin, molekul adhesif, enzim degradasi, dan osteoklas.Kata kunci: kolesteatoma, proliferasi, resorbsi tulang, sitokin, osteoklas

The middle ear mucosal immune system in otitis media with effusion

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel M. Bernstein ◽  
Hiroyuki Tsutsumi ◽  
Pearay L. Ogra
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Mucosal Immune System

scholarly journals Therapeutic Transcutaneous Immunization with a Band-Aid Vaccine Resolves Experimental Otitis Media

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Novotny ◽  
John D. Clements ◽  
Lauren O. Bakaletz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Ear Fluid ◽  
Transcutaneous Immunization

ABSTRACTTranscutaneous immunization (TCI) is a noninvasive strategy to induce protective immune responses. We describe TCI with a band-aid vaccine placed on the postauricular skin to exploit the unique organization of the stratum corneum and to promote the development of immune responses to resolve active experimental otitis media due to nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHI). This therapeutic immunization strategy induced significantly earlier resolution of middle ear fluid and rapid eradication of both planktonic and mucosal biofilm-resident NTHI within 7 days after receipt of the first immunizing band-aid vaccine. Efficacy was ascribed to the homing of immunogen-bearing cutaneous dendritic cells to the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, induction of polyfunctional CD4+T cells, and the presence of immunogen-specific IgM and IgG within the middle ear. TCI using band-aid vaccines could expand the use of traditional parenteral preventative vaccines to include treatment of active otitis media, in addition to other diseases of the respiratory tract due to NTHI.

scholarly journals Stroke-induced immunosuppression and poststroke infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaibin Shi ◽  
Kristofer Wood ◽  
Fu-Dong Shi ◽  
Xiaoying Wang ◽  
Qiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Prophylactic Antibiotics ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Tailored Design

Infections occur commonly after stroke and are strongly associated with an unfavourable functional outcome of these patients. Approaches for effective management of poststroke infection remain scarce, presenting an urgent need for preventive anti-infection strategies for patients who have suffered a stroke. Emerging evidence indicates that stroke impairs systemic immune responses and increases the susceptibility to infections, suggesting that the modification of impaired immune defence could be beneficial. In this review, we summarised previous attempts to prevent poststroke infections using prophylactic antibiotics and the current understanding of stroke-induced immunosuppression. Further elucidation of the immune mechanisms of stroke will pave the way to tailored design of new treatment to combat poststroke infection via modifying the immune system.

Vaccination as a control strategy against the coccidial parasitesEimeria,ToxoplasmaandNeospora

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 133 (S2) ◽  
pp. S145-S168 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. INNES ◽  
A. N. VERMEULEN
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Causes Of Disease

The protozoan parasitesEimeriaspp.Toxoplasma gondiiandNeospora caninumare significant causes of disease in livestock worldwide andT. gondiiis also an important human pathogen. Drugs have been used with varying success to help control aspects of these diseases and commercial vaccines are available for all three groups of parasites. However, there are issues with increasing development of resistance to many of the anti-coccidial drugs used to help control avian eimeriosis and public concerns about the use of drugs in food animals. In addition there are no drugs available that can act against the tissue cyst stage of eitherT. gondiiorN. caninumand thus cure animals or people of infection. All three groups of parasites multiply within the cells of their host species and therefore cell mediated immune mechanisms are thought to be an important component of host protective immunity. Successful vaccination strategies for bothEimeriaandToxoplasmahave relied on using a live vaccination approach using attenuated parasites which allows correct processing and presentation of antigen to the host immune system to stimulate appropriate cell mediated immune responses. However, live vaccines can have problems with safety, short shelf-life and large-scale production; therefore there is continued interest in devising new vaccines using defined recombinant antigens. The major challenges in devising novel vaccines are to select relevant antigens and then present them to the immune system in an appropriate manner to enable the induction of protective immune responses. With all three groups of parasites, vaccine preparations comprising antigens from the different life cycle stages may also be advantageous. In the case ofEimeriaparasites there are also problems with strain-specific immunity therefore a cocktail of antigens from different parasite strains may be required. Improving our knowledge of the different parasite transmission routes, host-parasite relationships, disease pathogenesis and determining the various roles of the host immune response being at times host-protective, parasite protective and in causing immunopathology will help to tailor a vaccination strategy against a particular disease target. This paper discusses current vaccination strategies to help combat infections withEimeria,ToxoplasmaandNeosporaand recent research looking towards developing new vaccine targets and approaches.

Mucosal Immune System: Implications in Otitis Media with Effusion

1980 ◽  
Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 326-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bernstein ◽  
Pearay L. Ogra
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

The ontogeny of the mucosal immune system as it relates to the development of lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract has been studied quite extensively over the past few years. It is apparent now that the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and gut-associated lymphoid tissue are the major sources of immunocompetent precursor B lymphocytes. After the induction of antigens in the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract, precursor lymphoid cells in these sites are preferentially activated to undergo significant proliferation. Such antigen-sensitized cells eventually migrate to other mucosa sites, such as mammary glands, genital tract, conjuctiva, etc. Recent evidence has suggested that the immunocompetent tissue observed in the middle ear cleft during otitis media with effusion may function as an extension of the mucosal immune system in the upper respiratory tract. The implications of these observations relative to middle ear disease are discussed.

First Forty-Eight Hours of Developing Otitis Media: An Experimental Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 558-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Olof Eriksson ◽  
Cecilia Mattsson ◽  
Sten Hellström
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
Filamentous Material ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

The early inflammatory changes in the tympanic membrane were explored in 2 rat models. Acute otitis media was induced by instillation of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 into the middle ear cavity, and otitis media with effusion was induced by blockage of the eustachian tube. Otomicroscopic examination was performed before the rats were painlessly sacrificed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, or 48 hours after initiation of the otitis media conditions. The tympanic membrane was studied by light and electron microscopy. Both acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion caused early inflammatory changes of the tympanic membrane, and the pars flaccida was the portion that reacted first. The inflammatory alterations were most pronounced in the acute otitis media model. The course of inflammation showed a bimodal pattern with an early deposition of a filamentous material with a band pattern, typical of fibrin. Despite a fluid-filled middle ear cavity, the inflammatory changes in the otitis media with effusion model were moderate, as was consistent with the clinical appearance of the tympanic membrane.

Acute otitis media increases middle ear susceptibility to nasal injection of

1994 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
P ANTONELLI ◽  
S JUHN ◽  
C LE ◽  
G GIEBINK
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Acute Otitis Media
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