Democratization, Political Institutions, and Ethnic Conflict

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Saideman ◽  
David J. Lanoue ◽  
Michael Campenni ◽  
Samuel Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Security Dilemma ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Large N ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Pooled Time Series ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Minorities At Risk

Although there has been much debate about whether democratization causes ethnic conflict, and many comparativists have argued about which kinds of political institutions are best for managing communal strife, little large- N work has addressed these issues. The authors apply a theory of ethnic conflict—the ethnic security dilemma—to derive predictions about the impact of democratization and political institutions on ethnic unrest. They then test these predictions by performing a series of pooled time-series analyses covering all ethnic groups in the Minorities at Risk data set from 1985 to 1998. The authors find that democratization, federalism, and presidentialism may not be as problematic as some argue and that proportional representation tends to reduce severe ethnic violence. They conclude by suggesting some directions for future research.

Workers' Rights in Open Economies

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 674-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Layna Mosley
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Industrial Upgrading ◽  
Large N ◽  
The Impact

Previous large-N research suggests that globalization could have either positive or negative consequences for labor rights in developing nations. This article examines the ways in which domestic political institutions and interests conditions the effects of economic globalization. It develops several hypotheses regarding the impact of domestic factors on labor rights outcomes and uses the case of Costa Rica to assess these hypotheses. The result is that although segments of the Costa Rican economy and labor force have benefited from industrial upgrading in recent years, the enclave nature of the export-oriented economy and the historical repression of organized labor render difficult the achievement of some internationally recognized core labor rights. The article concludes by discussing some of the issues for future research that are highlighted by the Costa Rican case.

scholarly journals Environmental Change Threatens Freshwater Insect Communities in Northwest Africa: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Kaczmarek ◽  
Ralf B. Schäfer ◽  
Elisabeth Berger
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Northwest Africa ◽  
The Impact

A climatic shift from temperate to arid conditions is predicted for Northwest Africa. Water temperature, salinity, and river intermittency are likely to increase, which may impact freshwater communities, ecosystem functioning, and related ecosystem services. Quantitative data and information on the impact of climate change on insect communities (e.g., richness, taxonomic and trait composition) are still scarce for Northwest Africa. In this study, we extracted information on freshwater insect occurrence and environmental variables in Northwest Africa from the results of a literature search to study potential consequences of changing climatic conditions for these communities. Our data set covered 96 families in 165 sites in Morocco and Algeria. We quantified the impact of several explanatoryvariables (climate, altitude, water temperature, conductivity, intermittency, flow, aridity, dams, and land cover) on richness, taxonomic and functional trait composition using negative binomial regression models and constrained ordination. Family richness in arid sites was on average 37 % lower than in temperate sites in association with flow, river regulation, cropland extent, conductivity, altitude, and water temperature. With 36 % of the studied temperate sites predicted to turn arid by the end of the century, a loss of insect families can be predicted for Northwest Africa, mainly affecting species adapted to temperate environments. Resistance and resilience traits such as small body size, aerial dispersal, and air breathing promote survival in arid climates. Future research should report insect occurrences on species level to allow for better predictions on climate change effects.

Tropospheric layering of ozone in regions of urbanized complex and/or coastal terrain: a review

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. McKendry ◽  
J. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
The Impact

Exchange of pollutants between the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere is an important (yet often neglected) process that tends to produce distinct layers of pollution in the lower troposphere. These layers represent a potential sink for pollutants from the boundary layer, have the potential to be mixed to ground and likely influence tropospheric chemistry and the global climate system. Factors influencing the vertical distribution of ozone in the troposphere are outlined as a prelude to a more specific discussion of elevated layers and myriad meteorological processes responsible for their development. Evidence from a range of geographical settings suggests that these phenomena are ubiquitous. A rich data set from the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, is used to provide an inventory of layer structures and to highlight their diverse origins and histories. Approaches used to assess the impact of down-mixing of pollutants from elevated layers on ground-level concentrations of ozone are outlined and future research priorities recommended.

Democratization, Political Institutions, And Ethnic Conflict: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis, 1985-1998

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Saideman ◽  
David J. Lanoue ◽  
Michael Campenni ◽  
Samuel Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Pooled Time Series

The impact of political liberalisation and democratisation on ethnic conflict in Africa: an empirical test of common assumptions

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeric Kay Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Conflict In Africa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article provides an empirical test of a set of common theoretical assumptions concerning the relationship between political liberalisation, democratisation and ethnic conflict in Africa. The theory in question posits that liberalisation will result in short-term increases in ethnic conflict and that democratisation will be followed by a decrease in ethnic conflict. The article employs a cross-national and time sensitive data set to test this hypothesis in the context of contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. A compelling benefit of this methodology is that it allows for an explanation of variation in ethnic conflict both across states and over time.The results indicate that the relationship between political liberalisation and ethnic conflict is the reverse of what the common assumptions would predict. Liberalisation has had an inverse relationship to ethnic conflict in sub-Saharan Africa between 1988 and 1997. Democratisation does not have the hypothesised effect even when lagged variables are employed. Structural variables as represented by GDP per capita and infant mortality rates are also systematically related to ethnic conflict. The author concludes that policy makers and analysts should continue to pursue both liberalisation and democratisation but should not neglect the central role of an adequate resource base in reducing ethnic conflict in Africa. Political liberalisation and democratic institutions, while providing some measure of relief, are by no means silver bullets for the difficult challenges posed by ethnic conflict in Africa.

State Political Participation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Tolbert ◽  
William W. Franko
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
American States ◽  
Political Environments ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Election Laws

In this article the authors explore the literature on political participation in the states and argue that research on state political participation has provided the most theoretical and empirical innovation gains for the overall study of participation in the past few decades. The authors focus on the impact of political institutions (election laws), political environments (electoral competition), and inequality in participation rates, or class bias, across the states. Future research directions are explored and the authors emphasize on some of the ways that the American states matter for participation in our democracy

The Correlates of Nuclear Crisis Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kroenig
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
International Crises ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Large N ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
War Outcomes ◽  
Nuclear Crisis ◽  
The Impact

Does the nuclear balance of power matter for nuclear coercion? To answer this question, this chapter conducts a large-N statistical analysis, examining empirical evidence from high-stakes crises between nuclear-armed states. Drawing on a quantitative analysis of a data set of fifty-two nuclear crisis dyads that includes information on nuclear arsenal size and delivery vehicles, the chapter examines the impact of nuclear superiority on nuclear crisis outcomes. It finds a powerful relationship between nuclear superiority and victory in nuclear crises. Specifically, nuclear superior states are over ten times more likely than nuclear inferior states to achieve their basic goals in international crises. In sum, this chapter provides strong empirical support for the central argument of this book. Nuclear superiority matters not just for nuclear war outcomes but also in international crises between nuclear-armed adversaries.

Time-Series Analyses of the Impact of Sex Offender Registration and Notification Law Implementation and Subsequent Modifications on Rates of Sexual Offenses

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1483-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff A. Bouffard ◽  
LaQuana N. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sex Offender ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sex Offender Registration ◽  
Sexual Offenses ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws were implemented to protect communities by increasing public awareness, and these laws have expanded over time to include registration by more types of offenders. Despite widespread implementation, research provides only inconsistent support for the impact of SORN laws on incidence of sexual offending. Using data from a large metropolitan area in Texas over the time period 1977 to 2012, and employing a number of time-series analyses, we examine the impact of the initial SORN implementation and two enhancements to the law. Results reveal no effect of SORN, or its subsequent modifications, on all sexual offenses or any of several specific offenses measures (e.g., crimes by repeat offenders). Implications for effective policy and future research are presented.

Dispersion beyond miles: configuration and performance in virtual teams

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambika Prasad ◽  
Darleen DeRosa ◽  
Michael Beyerlein
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Electronic Communication ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand different aspects of structural dispersion in virtual teams (VTs). The study measures five types of dispersion, their impact on VT performance and the moderating effect of electronic communication. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected data from 44 globally distributed VTs representing 403 members. The authors used details of the members’ locations to measure five elements of dispersion for each team: spatial, time-zone, number of locations, extent of numerical balance across locations and extent of isolated members for a team. The authors used two items to assess effective electronic communication and measured team performance on four items from three sources – members, leaders and third-party stakeholders. Findings Using regression, the authors found that the number of sites, degree of team balance and isolation had a negative impact on team performance. Spatial and temporal dispersion did not impact performance. Effective electronic communication moderated the relationship of team performance with team balance and the number of sites. Research limitations/implications Study presents novel findings on the role of team configuration in VTs. Limitations: the study provides pointers to the likelihood of a non-linear relationship between spatial distance and performance; however, the scope of the paper does not permit an examination of this model. Future research can study this relationship. Second, the study does not examine how team configuration impacts the team processes that discount performance. Finally, the study treats each index of dispersion as independent of the others. The analysis does not study the interplay between and among the indices. Practical implications The findings provide clear indicators for managers and researchers of VTs on the issues associated with the location and configuration of the teams. Managers, while designing and managing dispersed members are now informed of the impact of the number of sites and the sub-group dynamics. The study underscores the importance of effective electronic communication in managing dispersion. Social implications The study presents how faultiness based on location of VT sub-groups (as represented in the configuration of a team) can hamper performance. Literature suggests that this faultiness can also extend to social identities (based on gender, culture, etc.). The indicators provided by this study in this respect provide a topical focus for research because diverse dispersed teams are becoming more prevalent. Originality/value The study is the first empirical exploration of dispersion in VTs beyond the traditionally acknowledged dimensions of spatial distance and time-zones. It is a timely response to the recent trends in literature. Additionally, the study derives data from a unique data set of global VTs, thus making findings easily generalizable.

scholarly journals Credit Redistribution by Listed Manufacturing Firms in Pakistan and the Moderating Role of Financial Depth

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Nisar Ahmad ◽  
Bilal Nafees ◽  
Abdul Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Trade Credit ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Financial Depth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

An enhancement in the financial depth (FD) increases the availability of formal credit to firms. Resultantly credit redistribution (CR) by firms is likely to be reduced as they require less trade credit (TC). To provide evidence, how do managers respond to changes in financial depth while making adjustments in their trade credit policy, this paper aims to study the impact of financial depth on credit redistribution by listed manufacturing firms (LMFs). For the firm-level variables, we used a data set of 327 firms listed on PSX for the period 2005 to 2018. Private credit to GDP ratio and market capitalization to GDP ratio are used as proxies for financial depth. Unlike earlier studies, we applied a two-step System GMM estimator to control the endogeneity. The results of the regression analysis display a positive relationship between the use and the supply of trade credit by LMFs. It reveals that LMFs redistribute credit to their customers through trade credit channel. We found a significant and negative impact of FD on the supply of TC by LMFs. Further, we established that financial depth as a moderator has a buffering impact on the credit redistribution by listed firms. The study highlights the moderating role of FD and suggests the financial policymakers of firms to modify their credit policies in response to changes in financial depth. For future research, we suggest the investigation of the effect of financial policy interventions on credit redistribution by small and non-listed firms.

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