Bureaucrats, Cattle, and Public Policy

1980 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Picard
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
General Interest ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Relationship

The formulation of a policy on land use offers a clear example of the relationship between a bureaucracy and policy formulation. In much of the Third World, and particularly in many African countries, national and local government employees are to all intents and purposes the dominant socioeconomic elite in the country. This would suggest that those who are formulating and implementing a new policy such as that on land use may have the most to gain from the policy which is under examination. Using data from the Southern African country of Botswana, this article examines the relationship between the socioeconomic status of the bureaucracy and the type of land tenure policy which is likely to result. Since the movement from communal to individual tenure of both grazing land and farm land is occurring throughout the African continent, the relationship between bureaucratic interests and public policy is of general interest beyond this specific case study.

scholarly journals Factors influencing migration and settlement of pastoralists in Nairobi City, Kenya

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Magero Wafula ◽  
Oliver Vivian Wasonga ◽  
Oscar Kipchirchir Koech ◽  
Staline Kibet
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Pastoral Production ◽  
Alternative Markets ◽  
The City

AbstractPastoralism is globally recognized as the backbone of the economy in the vast arid and semi-arid rangelands. Despite its enormous economic contribution, the system is facing a myriad of challenges, among them, land use and land tenure changes, resulting in diminished grazing land. Accompanying such changes is the conversion of traditional grazing lands into other uses such as settlements, with urbanization being one of the key drivers of pastoral system dynamics. Understanding such dynamics in the face of compounding factors such as frequent droughts linked to climate change is key in guiding policy formulation and interventions aimed at achieving a sustainable pastoral production system. This study investigated factors determining migration and settlement of pastoralists in Nairobi City of Kenya. Data was collected through a snowball sampling approach using semi-structured household questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) in five Sub-counties of Nairobi City County. A total of 144 household interviews, 6 FGDs and 16 KIIs were conducted to elucidate drivers of urban pastoralism, opportunities and challenges encountered by pastoralists in the city. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyse the determinants of their migration. Results show that search for pasture and water resources, and alternative markets especially during droughts, are the main reasons for pastoralists’ migration to the city. In addition, educated herders were found to be more likely to migrate to the city as they pursue wage employment. Whereas these findings revealed that migration to the city exposes pastoralists to diverse livelihood opportunities, they are equally faced by a number of challenges - mainly road accidents involving livestock, frequent land displacements to pave way for development of real estates, and livestock poisoning from sewage and garbage wastes. There is a need for policy and regulatory interventions to recognize pastoralism alongside other forms of urban farming and addressing challenges facing sustainable pastoral production.

scholarly journals Network structure of ICD-11 adjustment disorder: a cross-cultural comparison of three African countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yafit Levin ◽  
Rahel Bachem ◽  
Thanos Karatzias ◽  
Mark Shevlin ◽  
Andreas Maercker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Symptom Clusters ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Global Strength ◽  
The Relationship

Background Adjustment disorder is one of the most widespread mental disorders worldwide. In ICD-11, adjustment disorder is characterised by two main symptom clusters: preoccupation with the stressor and failure to adapt. A network analytic approach has been applied to most ICD-11 stress-related disorders. However, no study to date has explored the relationship between symptoms of adjustment disorder using network analysis. Aims We aimed to explore the network structure of adjustment disorder symptoms and whether its structure replicates across questionnaire versions and samples. Method A network analysis was conducted on adjustment disorder symptoms as assessed by the Adjustment Disorder–New Module (ADNM-8) and an ultra-brief version (ADNM-4) using data from 2524 participants in Nigeria (n = 1006), Kenya (n = 1018) and Ghana (n = 500). Results There were extensive connections between items across all samples in both ADNM versions. Results highlight that preoccupation symptoms seem to be more prominent in terms of edges strengths (i.e. connections) and had the highest centrality in all networks across samples and ADNM versions. Comparisons of network structure invariance revealed one difference between Nigeria and Ghana in both ADNM versions. Importantly, the ADNM-8 global strength was similar in all networks whereas in the ADNM-4 Kenya had a higher global strength score compared with Nigeria Conclusions Results provide evidence of the coherence of adjustment disorder in ICD-11 as assessed by the ADNM questionnaire. The prominence of preoccupation symptoms in adjustment disorder highlights a possible therapeutic target to alleviate distress. There is a need to further replicate the network structure of adjustment disorder in non-African samples.

scholarly journals Whose Agency Counts in Land Use Decision-Making in Myanmar? A Comparative Analysis of Three Cases in Tanintharyi Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Lundsgaard-Hansen ◽  
Flurina Schneider ◽  
Julie Zaehringer ◽  
Christoph Oberlack ◽  
Win Myint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Governance Network ◽  
Access To Knowledge

Myanmar has experienced profound transformations of land use and land governance, often at the expense of smallholders. Empirical evidence on the agency of actors included and excluded in land use decision-making remains scarce. This study analyses who influences land use decision-making, how they do this, and under what circumstances smallholders are included. Comparing three land use trajectories in southern Myanmar, we analysed actors’ agency—conceived as the meanings and means behind (re)actions—in land use decision-making using data from focus groups and interviews. Results showed that uneven distribution of means can lead to unequal decision-making power, enabling actors with more means to exclude those with less means: smallholders. However, this only applies in the case of top-down interventions with mutually exclusive actor interests regarding use of the same land. Where interests are compatible or a mediator supports smallholders in negotiations, actors are likely to develop a collaboration despite unequal means, leading to smallholders’ inclusion in decision-making. Transformation of current land governance towards sustainable development could be promoted by providing mediators to actors with few means, ensuring equal access for all to formal land tenure, engaging with brokers in the land governance network, and improving access to knowledge and financial capital for actors with few means.

Marshlands and Other Wetlands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Rippon
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Wetland Management ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intertidal Marshes

This chapter considers the range of wetland environments that existed in Anglo-Saxon England, and the uses to which they were put, using archaeological, documentary and place-name evidence. It demonstrates that the drainage schemes and canals of Roman Britain mostly fell into disrepair, and that as sea levels rose coastal wetlands once again became saltmarsh environments (over a time-scale that would have been perceptible to local communities). These landscapes were, however, rich in natural resources and in the Middle Saxon period the growing intensity of wetland management is reflected in the digging of drainage systems, changing the relationship between people and their environment. In the Late Saxon period this culminated in the reclamation of some, but not all, wetlands, a transformation of the landscape that would have profoundly affected the daily lives of the communities living there as new patterns of land-use – and therefore annual cycles of living and working – were introduced. Those intertidal marshes that remained were economically important as a source of salt production and rich grazing land.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Public Policy Process within the Context of Political Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Arzu Dilaveroglu
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Public Policy Process ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between public policy which brings about within the concept of process model and political environment. In this descriptive study, the answers of three questions will be search which are 1) how do public policies proceed as a process 2) which partners are effective in this process; lastly 3) which kind of relation is available between political environment and public policy specifically. After a comprehensive literature review, the answers of aforementioned questions are supplied in the following; 1) the process flow of public policy includes firstly establishing public policy, secondly problem determination, agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation and lastly evaluation. 2) The main partners of this process are formal, informal and international organizations. 3) Political environment can be descripted as a combination of political systems, political culture and socio-economic conditions which have key determining role on public policy process.

Part II The Notion of State Aid, 6 Public Procurement and State Aid

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreuschitz Viktor ◽  
Nehl Hanns Peter
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
State Aid ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Interest ◽  
The Public ◽  
Services Of General Interest ◽  
Symbiotic Relation ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the relationship between public procurement and State aid. The symbiotic relation of public procurement with State aid regulation reveals the commonality of features inherent to the notion of public sector. This notion, in its incarnations, is pivotal for the applicability of both public procurement and State aid regulation. The symbiosis of the two regimes also reveals the flexibility embedded in the public procurement acquis, which is translated as discretion conferred to contracting authorities to introduce public policy considerations in dispersing public services. In parallel to the flexibility of public procurement, State aid regulation projects flexibility either as regional development considerations, or as part of a national EU-wide industrial policy. On the other hand, the conceptual interrelation of public procurement with the financing of services of general interest reveals the policy and jurisprudence links between public procurement and State aid, which show that the two regimes are mutually exclusive.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Workplace Ostracism and Its Negative Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Zheng ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Hang-Yue Ngo ◽  
Xiao-Yu Liu ◽  
Wengjuan Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Intention To Leave ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Workplace Ostracism ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Workplace ostracism, conceived as to being ignored or excluded by others, has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. One essential topic in this area is how to reduce or even eliminate the negative consequences of workplace ostracism. Based on conservation of resources (COR) theory, the current study assesses the relationship between workplace ostracism and its negative outcomes, as well as the moderating role played by psychological capital, using data collected from 256 employees in three companies in the northern part of China. The study yields two important findings: (1) workplace ostracism is positively related to intention to leave and (2) psychological capital moderates the effect of workplace ostracism on affective commitment and intention to leave. This paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for organizations and employees, along with recommendations for future research.

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