West Nile Virus

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Gelone
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Public ◽  
Provider Group ◽  
Educational Effort ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Vector Borne

Several infectious agents have emerged over the past two decades as a result of population migration and enhanced world travel. The introduction of arthropodborne infections to formerly unaffected geographic areas has occurred in the western hemisphere at an alarming rate. In 1999, the West Nile virus (WNV) first appeared in North America in Queens, New York and spread rapidly to infect bird and mosquito populations along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Significant human morbidity and mortality has been associated with the virus, with several patients deaths from encephalitis. Specific antiviral therapy is currently unavailable, but recommendations for a national plan to control and prevent the spread of this vector-borne disease have been made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Educating the public about how WNV is transmitted, how to best protect one's self, and what signs and symptoms are consistent with this infection are extremely important. Pharmacists, who have more patient interactions per unit time than any other health care provider group, are in an excellent position to play a pivotal role in this educational effort.

scholarly journals West Nile virus in Europe: understanding the present to gauge the future

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Reiter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Major Research ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of

The appearance of West Nile virus in New York in 1999 and the unprecedented panzootic that followed, have stimulated a major research effort in the western hemisphere and a new interest in the presence of this virus in the Old World. This review considers current understanding of the natural history of this pathogen, with particular regard to transmission in Europe.

Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Blitvich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in a bird–mosquito transmission cycle. Humans, horses and other non-avian vertebrates are usually incidental hosts, but evidence is accumulating that this might not always be the case. Historically, WNV has been associated with asymptomatic infections and sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and horses in Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. However, since 1994, the virus has caused frequent outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In 1999, WNV underwent a dramatic expansion of its geographic range, and was reported for the first time in the Western Hemisphere during an outbreak of human and equine encephalitis in New York City. The outbreak was accompanied by extensive and unprecedented avian mortality. Since then, WNV has dispersed across the Western Hemisphere and is now found throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. WNV has been responsible for >27,000 human cases, >25,000 equine cases and hundreds of thousands of avian deaths in the USA but, surprisingly, there have been only sparse reports of WNV disease in vertebrates in the Caribbean and Latin America. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV with particular emphasis on its transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology.

Economic appraisal of the public control and prevention strategy against the 2010 West Nile Virus outbreak in Central Macedonia, Greece

Public Health ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kolimenakis ◽  
K. Bithas ◽  
C. Richardson ◽  
D. Latinopoulos ◽  
A. Baka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Prevention Strategy ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Public Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Appraisal ◽  
Control And Prevention

scholarly journals The virology, epidemiology, and clinical impact of West Nile virus: a decade of advancements in research since its introduction into the Western Hemisphere

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. MURRAY ◽  
C. WALKER ◽  
E. GOULD
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) is now endemic in the USA. After the widespread surge of virus activity across the USA, research has flourished, and our knowledge base has significantly expanded over the past 10 years since WNV was first recognized in New York City. This article provides a review of the virology of WNV, history, epidemiology, clinical features, pathology of infection, the innate and adaptive immune response, host risk factors for developing severe disease, clinical sequelae following severe disease, chronic infection, and the future of prevention.

Monitoring the fate of methoprene larvicide for West Nile virus management

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 395-402
Author(s):  
J. Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Catch Basin ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Catch Basins ◽  
The City

Since the outbreak of vector-borne West Nile virus in New York City in 1999, the disease has spread across United States and Canada, resulting in the use of larvicides such as methoprene at catch basins for widespread urban mosquito control. Although the manufacturer has recommended a methoprene dosage for catch basin application, the effect of rainfall on this dosage is not known. A field study on the fate of methoprene pellets and ingots was conducted during the summer of 2004 at three catch basins in the City of Toronto, Canada. Water samples from each catch basin were collected daily and during rain storms and analyzed for methoprene concentration using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. It was found that: (1) the methoprene concentration at the catch basin sump fell below the minimum lethal concentration most of the time; (2) rainfall events greater than 25 mm flushed methoprene pellets out of the catch basin; (3) the higher the sump water depth, the higher the residual methoprene concentration at the catch basin sump; and (4) rainfall flushed methoprene from the catch basins into the storm sewer outfall at concentrations much lower than the detrimental level which might cause ecosystem damage.

scholarly journals Predicted and observed mortality from vector-borne disease in wildlife: West Nile virus and small songbirds

2013 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marm Kilpatrick ◽  
Ryan J. Peters ◽  
Alan P. Dupuis ◽  
Matthew J. Jones ◽  
Peter Daszak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne

scholarly journals Pesticide Spraying for West Nile Virus Control and Emergency Department Asthma Visits in New York City, 2000

2004 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1183-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Karpati ◽  
Mary C. Perrin ◽  
Tom Matte ◽  
Jessica Leighton ◽  
Joel Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
York City ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Control

scholarly journals Mosquito Surveillance and Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of West Nile Virus, New York State

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis J. White ◽  
Laura D. Kramer ◽  
P. Bryon Backenson ◽  
Gary Lukacik ◽  
Geraldine Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
New York State ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Mosquito Surveillance ◽  
York State ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Modeling Movement of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Rappole ◽  
Bradley W. Compton ◽  
Peter Leimgruber ◽  
Jamie Robertson ◽  
David I. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile
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