Adaptation to Underwater Distance Distortion as a Function of Different Sensory-Motor Tasks

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ono ◽  
Joseph P. O'Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Sensory Motor

Adaptation to underwater distance distortion was investigated as a function of three sensory-motor tasks and exposure time. The tasks differed in terms of the extent to which visual feedback during the reaching response was provided. Eighteen experienced divers served as subjects. Each subject performed the three sensory-motor tasks and also observed another subject performing the tasks. Underwater distance perception was measured after each sensory-motor task and observing period. Adaptation occurred when the subjects performed the tasks but not when they were observing. The different sensory-motor tasks produced different amounts of adaptation. An argument is made that visually predirected reaching responses (no feedback) would produce greater adaptation than visually guided (feedback) reaching responses.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Maintaining the Requested Handgrip Force Enhanced by Auditory or Visual Feedback

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5158
Author(s):  
Jacek Tarnas ◽  
Rafał Stemplewski ◽  
Piotr Krutki
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Auditory Displays ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Simple Motor Task ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mixed Groups

Thus far, the differences in effect of auditory or visual feedback in motor learning have presented results derived from mixed groups and sex differences have not been considered. However, perception and processing of auditory stimuli and performance of visual motor tasks appear to be sex-related. The purpose of this study was to investigate the learning of the simple motor task of maintaining a requested handgrip force in separate male and female groups. A total of 31 volunteers (15 males, 16 females) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups with defined sex and training conditions (audio or visual feedback). Participants performed training sessions over a period of six days, for which auditory or visual feedback was provided, and the effectiveness of both types of signals was compared. The evident learning effect was found in all groups, and the main effect of sex was significant among visual groups in favor of the males (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the main effect of feedback conditions was found to be significant among females, beneficially in the case of auditory displays (p < 0.05). The results lead to the conclusion that an equal number of males and females in mixed experimental groups may be supportive to obtain reliable results. Moreover, in motor-learning studies conducted on females only, a design including auditory feedback would be more suitable.

scholarly journals The Relative Influences of Priors and Sensory Evidence on an Oculomotor Decision Variable During Perceptual Learning

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 2653-2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua I. Gold ◽  
Chi-Tat Law ◽  
Patrick Connolly ◽  
Sharath Bennur
Keyword(s):  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Sequential Dependencies ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Dot Motion

Choice behavior on simple sensory-motor tasks can exhibit trial-to-trial dependencies. For perceptual tasks, these dependencies reflect the influence of prior trials on choices that are also guided by sensory evidence, which is often independent across trials. Here we show that the relative influences of prior trials and sensory evidence on choice behavior can be shaped by training, such that prior influences are strongest when perceptual sensitivity to the relevant sensory evidence is weakest and then decline steadily as sensitivity improves. We trained monkeys to decide the direction of random-dot motion and indicate their decision with an eye movement. We characterized sequential dependencies by relating current choices to weighted averages of prior choices. We then modeled behavior as a drift-diffusion process, in which the weighted average of prior choices provided an additive offset to a decision variable that integrated incoming motion evidence to govern choice. The average magnitude of offset within individual training sessions declined steadily as the quality of the integrated motion evidence increased over many months of training. The trial-by-trial magnitude of offset was correlated with signals related to developing commands that generate the oculomotor response but not with neural activity in either the middle temporal area, which represents information about the motion stimulus, or the lateral intraparietal area, which represents the sensory-motor conversion. The results suggest that training can shape the relative contributions of expectations based on prior trends and incoming sensory evidence to select and prepare visually guided actions.

Sensory Motor Tasks in Identification of Alzheimer Disease Using CART

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anya Mazur-Mosiewicz ◽  
Matthew J. Holcomb ◽  
Raymond S. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Sensory Motor

Combination of musculoskeletal and wear models to investigate the effect of daily living activities on wear of hip prostheses

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 (12) ◽  
pp. 2675-2687
Author(s):  
Lorenza Mattei ◽  
Matilde Tomasi ◽  
Alessio Artoni ◽  
Enrico Ciulli ◽  
Francesca Di Puccio
Keyword(s):  
Motor Task ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Hip Prostheses ◽  
Wear Modelling ◽  
Sporting Activities ◽  
Joint Prostheses ◽  
Hip Arthroplasties

Abstract Numerical wear predictions are gaining increasing interest in many engineering applications, as they allow to simulate complex operative conditions not easily replicable in the laboratory. As far as hip prostheses are concerned, most of the wear models in the literature are based on the simulation of gait (recommended also in experimental wear tests), since gait is considered the most frequent and important motor task to recover after arthroplasty. However, since joint prostheses have been increasingly implanted in younger people, high loads and potentially severe conditions, e.g. due to sporting activities, should also be considered for a more reliable wear assessment of these implants. In this study, we propose a profitable combination of musculoskeletal and analytical wear modelling for the prediction of wear caused by common daily activities in metal-on-plastic hip arthroplasties. Several motion analysis data available in the literature (walking, fast walking, lunge, squat, stair negotiation) were selected and the effects of such motor tasks on prosthesis wear were investigated, both separately and in combination. Additionally, for comparative purposes, wear prediction for simplified gait conditions prescribed by the ISO 14242 standard, were also considered. Results suggest that this latter case produces lower wear depth and volume with respect to a relatively demanding combination of the selected daily activities. The preliminary results of the present study represent a first step towards the auspicious goal of validating the proposed procedure for in silico trials of hip arthroplasties.

Visually guided saccade versus eye-hand reach: contrasting neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary and frontal eye fields

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2187-2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mushiake ◽  
N. Fujii ◽  
J. Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Frontal Eye Fields ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field

1. We studied neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field (SEF) and frontal eye field (FEF) of a monkey during performance of a conditional motor task that required capturing of a target either with a saccadic eye movement (the saccade-only condition) or with an eye-hand reach (the saccade-and-reach condition), according to visual instructions. 2. Among 106 SEF neurons that showed presaccadic activity, more than one-half of them (54%) were active preferentially under the saccade-only condition (n = 12) or under the saccade-and-reach condition (n = 45), while the remaining 49 neurons were equally active in both conditions. 3. By contrast, most (97%) of the 109 neurons in the FEF exhibited approximately equal activity in relation to saccades under the two conditions. 4. The present results suggest the possibility that SEF neurons, at least in part, are involved in signaling whether the motor task is oculomotor or combined eye-arm movements, whereas FEF neurons are mostly related to oculomotor control.

Abstract P216: Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs During Cognitive and Upper-Limb Horizontal Movement Tasks in Chronic Strokes

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hogene Kim ◽  
Hyunjong Lee ◽  
Kwon Ilho
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Dual Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Speed ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives: This study investigated cognitive-motor interference on the relationship of speed and accuracy during a cognitive and upper-limb motor dual task. Method: Nine stroke patients (56.5±7.3 years; M:9) participated in a series of cognitive-motor dual tasks. A subject with chronic stroke was seated with paretic hand fastened on the handle and then one of five motor tasks was provided (Figure 1A). Visual feedback in a front screen was synchronized as the handle cursor moves within the movement trajectory with two difficulty levels (5cm or 10cm). In a dual task, a cognitive task, Serial Seven(S7), was concurrently provided with a randomly chosen number at the onset of the motor task by a test administrator.Figure 1 Cognitive-Motor dual task setup (left up) and trajectory shapes (Diagonoal; Mediolateral; Anteroposterior; Cross; Circle) and level of difficulties (Easy 10cm or Hard 5cm) in motor tasks. The motor speed and accuracy and the cognitive speed and accuracy were evaluated during one-minute trial time. Pearson-correlation coefficients evaluated outcome relationship of the speed and accuracy in single or cognitive-motor dual tasks with the significance level 0.05 using a commercial statistics package (SPSS ver 22, Chicago IL,US). Results: There were significant positive correlation between single and dual motor speeds ( Easy :R 2 =0.678,p<0.001; Hard : R 2 =0.714,p<0.001) and significant negative correlationbetween single motor speed and dual cognitive speed ( Easy : R 2 =0.661,p<0.001; Hard :R 2 =0.6523,p<0.001) (Figure 1B) Conclusions: There were significant correlations between the upper-limb horizontal movements with visual feedback and S7 cognitive task. This study may provide useful information on upper-limb motor robotic therapies using 2D horizontal upper-limb movements.

Differences in spectral profiles between rostral and caudal premotor cortex when hand-eye actions are decoupled

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 952-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia F. Sayegh ◽  
Kara M. Hawkins ◽  
Kari L. Hoffman ◽  
Lauren E. Sergio
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Spectral Profiles

The aim of this research was to understand how the brain controls voluntary movement when not directly interacting with the object of interest. In the present study, we examined the role of premotor cortex in this behavior. The goal of this study was to characterize the oscillatory activity within the caudal and rostral subdivisions of dorsal premotor cortex (PMdc and PMdr) with a change from the most basic reaching movement to one that involves a simple dissociation between the actions of the eyes and hand. We were specifically interested in how PMdr and PMdc respond when the eyes and hand are decoupled by moving along different spatial planes. We recorded single-unit activity and local field potentials within PMdr and PMdc from two rhesus macaques during performance of two types of visually guided reaches. During the standard condition, a visually guided reach was performed whereby the visual stimulus guiding the movement was the target of the reach itself. During the nonstandard condition, the visual stimulus provided information about the direction of the required movement but was not the target of the motor output. We observed distinct task-related and topographical differences between PMdr and PMdc. Our results support functional differences between PMdr and PMdc during visually guided reaching. PMdr activity appears more involved in integrating the rule-based aspects of a visually guided reach, whereas PMdc is more involved in the online updating of the decoupled reach. More broadly, our results highlight the necessity of accounting for the nonstandard nature of a motor task when interpreting movement control research data.

Why Does the Single Neuron Activity Change from Trial to Trial during Sensory-Motor Task?

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 322-325
Author(s):  
A. Terao ◽  
T. Hasbroucq ◽  
I. Mouret ◽  
J. Seal ◽  
M. Akamatsu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
Trial Analysis ◽  
Sensory Motor

Abstract:Single neuron activities from cortical areas of a monkey were recorded while performing a sensory-motor task (a choice reaction time task). Quantitative trial-by-trial analysis revealed that the timing of peak activity exhibited large variation from trial to trial, compared to the variation in the behavioral reaction time of the task. Therefore, we developed a multi-unit dynamic neural network model to investigate the effects of structure of neural connections on the variation of the timing of peak activity. Computer simulation of the model showed that, even though the units are connected in a cascade fashion, a wide variation exists in the timing of peak activity of neurons because of parallel organization of neural network within each unit.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal dynamics of brain activity during the transition from visually guided to memory-guided force control

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 1335-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Poon ◽  
Lisa G. Chin-Cottongim ◽  
Stephen A. Coombes ◽  
Daniel M. Corcos ◽  
David E. Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Feedback Gain ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Ventral Premotor Cortex ◽  
Ventral Prefrontal Cortex

It is well established that the prefrontal cortex is involved during memory-guided tasks whereas visually guided tasks are controlled in part by a frontal-parietal network. However, the nature of the transition from visually guided to memory-guided force control is not as well established. As such, this study examines the spatiotemporal pattern of brain activity that occurs during the transition from visually guided to memory-guided force control. We measured 128-channel scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in healthy individuals while they performed a grip force task. After visual feedback was removed, the first significant change in event-related activity occurred in the left central region by 300 ms, followed by changes in prefrontal cortex by 400 ms. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) was used to localize the strongest activity to the left ventral premotor cortex and ventral prefrontal cortex. A second experiment altered visual feedback gain but did not require memory. In contrast to memory-guided force control, altering visual feedback gain did not lead to early changes in the left central and midline prefrontal regions. Decreasing the spatial amplitude of visual feedback did lead to changes in the midline central region by 300 ms, followed by changes in occipital activity by 400 ms. The findings show that subjects rely on sensorimotor memory processes involving left ventral premotor cortex and ventral prefrontal cortex after the immediate transition from visually guided to memory-guided force control.

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