Brake Lamp Photometrics and Automobile Rear Signaling

1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-540
Author(s):  
Michael Sivak ◽  
Michael Flannagan ◽  
Paul L. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Monotonic Function ◽  
Luminous Intensity ◽  
Relevant Parameter ◽  
Signal Identification ◽  
Relative Likelihood ◽  
Average Luminance ◽  
Current Minimum ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of lamp photometrics to differentiation between brake and presence signals. To assess this relationship, signal identification was evaluated as a function of lamp photometrics under simulated dusk/dawn conditions. The following were the main results: (1) Luminous intensity was a better predictor of signal identification than was average luminance. (2) The likelihood of identifying a signal as a brake signal was a monotonic function of lamp intensity. (3) Reaction time was positively related to the degree of subjects' uncertainty (as measured by the relative likelihood of “brake” responses): reaction time was slowest when the likelihood of “brake” or “presence” responses was close to 50%, and it decreased as the likelihood increased or decreased away from 50%. (4) Reaction time in a condition simulating typical U.S. rear-lighting configuration was significantly faster than in a condition simulating typical European configuration. The present results provide support for retaining luminous intensity as the relevant parameter of automobile brake-lighting specifications. Furthermore, these results argue against reducing the current minimum of 80 cd for the brake-lamp luminous intensity.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Swimming Performance and Time Parameters of the Start and Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Ľuboš Grznár ◽  
Daniel Jurák ◽  
Jana Labudová
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Olympic Games

Summary The start and the turn are factors that influence performance in different swimming disciplines. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship of selected time parameters of the start and the turn with sport performance of 100 m and 1 500 m freestyle finalists in the Olympic Games 2016. Monitored parameters of the start were the start reaction, time under water after the start, and time at a distance of 15 m after the start. The monitored parameters of the turn were the time of 5 m before the turn, the duration of the turn, the time under water after the turn, and time reached at a distance of 15 m after the turn. There was any significant correlation of the resulting time to 1 500 m and the observed start indicators. The significant correlation of the resulting time to 1 500 m and the observed turn indicators was time 5 m before the turn r = 0.952 (p = 0.000); the duration of the turn r = 0.830 (p = 0.011); time at a distance of 15 m after the turn r = 0.886 (p = 0.003). The significant correlation of the resulting time to 100 m and the observed start indicators was time under water after the start r = −0.714 (p = 0.047). The significant correlation of the resulting time to 100 m and the observed turn indicators was the duration of the turn was r = 0.905 (p = 0.002). The results point out the existing relations between 100 m freestyle and time under water after start and duration of the turn. And for 1 500 m existing relations with time 5 m before the turn, the duration of the turn and time at a distance of 15 m after the turn. Therefore, our recommendations for sports practice include development of speed, power and coordination skills with technical execution of the start and the turn into regular swimming training.

Faster Reaction Time through Increasing Intent to Respond

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim D. Whitley
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
College Men ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Simple Rt ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Motor Acts ◽  
Very High

The RT of 50 college men was measured under normal (N) and artificial (E) limb mass conditions. It was hypothesized that RT in condition E would be significantly faster than in N because the heavier mass would encourage a stronger conscious and willful intent, during the response foreperiod, to trigger the simple learned RT response stored in the memory motor drum. The results ( t = 4.202, p < .05) substantiated this hypothesis. Even though the relationship of RTs in N and E conditions was moderately large ( r = .56), the specificity was very high, 69%; thus the possibility that two separate neuromotor programs are involved cannot be excluded. It is concluded that in a simple RT experiment the creation of a situation during the response foreperiod which increases S's conscious and willful intent to respond, will result in a faster RT. Also, the results support the known specificity of individual differences in performance of simple discrete motor acts.

scholarly journals The Geomorphic Evolution of the Lunar Surface

1972 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
L. B. Ronca
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Monotonic Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Considerable Length ◽  
Radiometric Ages ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Fundamental parameters of the geomorphology of a lunar surface are (i) the number and size distribution of craters, (ii) the degree of erosion of the craters and (iii) thickness and other characteristics of the regolith. These parameters are not independent of one another; as one changes through time, the other two will also change in a statistically predictable way.In the continuous degradation sequence, the relationship between the number of craters per unit area and the degree of erosion of the craters is continuous and monotonic. This sequence occurs in areas subjected to intermediate to small impacts, and eroded mainly by the impacts themselves plus other small-scale erosional processes. In areas subjected to large impacts and mare flooding the discontinuous degradation sequence is predominant.The relationship of the first two parameters, the number of craters and the degree of erosion, with the third parameter, the regolith, is not simple and is not yet understood. It appears, however, that the geomorphological stage is more important than the mare-versus-highland dichotomy of the lunar surface.The solution of the function relating craters of the continuous degradation sequence with degree of erosion was defined as the geomorphic index of the area. Studies of the geomorphic index of stratigraphic surfaces show that areas covered by considerable ballistic sediments have a geomorphic index which is not a monotonic function of time. On the other hand, areas covered almost exclusively by mare flooding show an index which is a monotonic function of the age of the flooding. As each mare surface shows a considerable range in indices, it is concluded that maria are covered by surfaces formed through a considerable length of time. By using Apollo 11 and 12 radiometric ages it is suggested that the time of mare flooding lasted on the order of one billion (109) years.The geomorphic index of highland surfaces shows a remarkable degree of order; i.e., the farther an area is inland from the mare shores, the higher will be the index. No explanation is given to this phenomenon, but is suggested that lunar erosion is not just a localized phenomenon centered on the locus of an impact, but has lateral trends of regional dimensions. Electrostatic transportation as suggested by Gold is a possible mechanism.

The relationship of age and privilege status to reaction time indices of schizophrenic motivation.

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Rosenbaum ◽  
James L. Grisell ◽  
William R. Mackavey
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Reaction Time, Attention, and Impulsivity in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Wendy G. Mitchell ◽  
Yi Zhou ◽  
John M. Chavez ◽  
Bianca L. Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Epileptic Children ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Omission Errors

Simple, choice, and complex reaction times, attention (variability of responses and omission errors), and impulsivity (commission and wrong-hand errors on choice and complex reaction time) were repeatedly measured in 111 epileptic children, aged 5 to 13 years, tested a total of 232 times. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were started, stopped, and adjusted throughout the study period, for a variety of clinical indications, and AED serum levels were monitored. The relationship of performance to AED serum level was examined. Overall the nonspecific effect of AEDs was minimal: higher total serum levels of AEDs correlated with more impulsive errors on complex reaction time testing only. In contrast, in 54 children receiving carbamazepine monotherapy, we found a dose-related beneficial effect upon reaction time, with higher serum levels associated with faster responses and fewer omission errors, particularly on complex reaction time. Phenobarbital caused minimal dose-related effects: only variability and impulsive errors increased with increasing serum levels, and only on one segment of the test (73 subjects).

Field Dependence and Distraction in a Simple Psychomotor Task with a Constant Foreperiod

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1239-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey H. Blowers
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Rod-and-frame errors are thought to reflect differential abilities in selective attention. For this reason a study of the relationship of field dependence to distraction should involve Ss whose field-dependence scores have been determined specifically by the rod-and-frame test. It is thought that discrepancies in the results of previous work might be accounted for by lack of consistent use of these scores. The present study involved distraction in a simple reaction-time paradigm using 10 field-dependent and 10 field-independent Ss. There was no correlation between distraction and field dependence although it may be that a larger difference in field-dependence scores between groups is required to detect differences in susceptibility to distraction.

To Measure the Absorbance at 328nm by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer - an Alternative Pathway to Measure the Activity of Acetylcholinesterase

2014 ◽  
Vol 887-888 ◽  
pp. 657-660
Author(s):  
Di Wu ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Min Wu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Inhibition Rate ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Important Enzyme

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important enzyme in mammalian nervous systems. The Ellman assay is usually used to measure AChE activity and calculate the inhibition rate by measure the absorbance at 412nm by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. However, an alternative absorbance at 329nm which assigned as S-S of 5,5'-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) was found, and it negatively correlated with the absorbance at 412nm. Therefore, the absorbance at 329nm was also possible used to measure AChE activity and calculate the inhibition rate. In addition, the reaction time should be considered in the process to transfer the relationship of these two absorbance values, because Cu (II) would combine with 5'-mercapto-2'-nitrobenzoic acid (5-MNBA).

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