Mental illnesses and related vulnerabilities in the Hijra community: A cross-sectional study from India

2020 ◽  
pp. 002076402095077
Author(s):  
Deepak Sartaj ◽  
Vijay Krishnan ◽  
Ravindra Rao ◽  
Atul Ambekar ◽  
Neeraj Dhingra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychosocial Adversity ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
And Gender

Purpose: The Hijra community is a cultural and gender grouping in South Asia broadly similar to western transgender communities, but with literature suggesting some differences in gender experience and patterns of psychosocial adversity. The present study aims to describe patterns of mental illness and psychoactive substance use in Hijra subjects and study their association with gender experience and psychosocial adversity. Methods: Fifty self-identified Hijras availing HIV-prevention services in New Delhi, India, were interviewed. Data on mental disorders, psychoactive substance use, quality of life, discrimination, empowerment, violence and gender identity were assessed using structured instruments. Results: Subjects were mostly in their mid-twenties, and had joined the Hijra community in their mid-teens. More subjects (46%) were involved in begging than in traditional Hijra roles (38%). Sex work was reported by 28% subjects. The rates of lifetime mental illness was 38%, most commonly alcohol abuse (26%); others had anxiety or depressive disorders (8% each), somatoform disorders (6%) and bulimia nervosa ( n = 1). Disempowerment was mostly experienced in domains of autonomy and community participation; 52% had experienced sexual or psychological violence. Discrimination was attributed to gender (100%), appearance (28%) or sexual orientation (28%). There were negative correlations between the physical domain of WHO-QOL and physical violence and depression scores; and between discrimination and WHO-QOL environmental, physical and psychological domains. Conclusions: This Hijra group showed high rates of mental disorder and substance involvement, related to QOL domains and experiences of discrimination and disempowerment.

scholarly journals Morbidity Pattern and Profile of Patients Attended at the Private Chamber of a Practicing Psychiatrist

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-379
Author(s):  
Tanmay Prakash Biswas ◽  
Burahan Uddin Haider ◽  
Saroj Kumar Dass
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Mental illnesses are of various types and all of them have a great impact on the life of the Sufferer, family members and on the society. This study was conducted by the author in the middle of 2002 to find out types of mental illness prevailing in the community on the patients attended at his private chamber. Total eighty new cases were attended during the study period. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data and Mental State Examination was done by the author during clinical interview. Majority of the patients belonged to 11 to 30 year age group. Males were 65% and the rest were females. Muslims and Hindu patients were 86.25 and 13.75% respectively. A good number (11.25%) of the cases were married before 18 years of age and 22.50% had a family history of mental illness. Two-thirds of the cases were from rural background. Psychotic patients were 51.25%. Patients having Mental retardation, Headache and Psychoactive substance use disorder also present. Urban patients suffer more than rural. Findings of this may be helpful in assessing the present disease situation in our community.KYAMC Journal Vol. 4, No.-2, Jan 2014, Page 371-379

scholarly journals Psychoactive substance use among outpatients with severe mental illness: A comparative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladipo A. Sowunmi ◽  
Gbolagade Amoo ◽  
Peter O. Onifade ◽  
Adegboyega Ogunwale ◽  
Emmanuel Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use

Background: Despite several studies on the prevalence and pattern of substance use in Nigeria, there is little information on substance use in patients diagnosed with serious mental illness (SMI) such as schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (BD).Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the pattern of psychoactive substance use among outpatients with BD and schizophrenia.Setting: The study was conducted in a neuropsychiatric hospital in Nigeria.Methods: Seventy five consecutive patients with a MINI-PLUS diagnosis of BD were compared with an equal number of patients obtained by systematic random sampling with a MINI-PLUS diagnosis of schizophrenia.Results: The respondents with schizophrenia were aged 18–59 years (37.2 ± 9.99) and were predominantly young adult (49, 65.3%), men (46, 61.3%), who were never married (38, 50.7%). Overall, lifetime drug use prevalence was 52%, while for current use, overall prevalence was 21.3%. Participants with BD were aged 18–63 years (36.7 ± 10.29) and were predominantly young adult (53, 70.7%), women (44, 58.7%), who were married (32, 42.7%), with tertiary education (31, 41.3%). Overall, lifetime drug use prevalence was 46.7%, while current overall prevalence was 17.3%. These rates (lifetime and current) for both diagnostic groups are higher than what was reported by the World Health Organization in the global status report of 2014 (0% – 16%). The statistically significant difference between the two diagnostic groups was related to their sociodemographic and clinical variables and psychoactive substance use.Conclusion: Psychoactive substance use remains a burden in the care of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and BD. Future policies should incorporate routine screening for substance use at the outpatient department with a view to stemming the tide of this menace.

Religious Uses of Licit and Illicit Psychoactive Substances in a Branch of the Santo Daime Religion

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Santo Daime ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
Constant Source

The article deals with the different effects of tolerant and prohibitionist policies associated with psychoactive substance use in Brazil. Whereas the licit use of ayahuasca has been successfully incorporated into mainstream Brazilian society, the ritual use of cannabis by one of the Santo Daime religious groups has never been fully accepted and remains a constant source of problems for the ayahuasca churches, their followers and society at large.

scholarly journals Associations between psychoactive substance use and sensation seeking behavior among drivers in Norway

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnhild Elén Gjulem Jamt ◽  
Hallvard Gjerde ◽  
Håvard Furuhaugen ◽  
Giovanni Romeo ◽  
Vigdis Vindenes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polydrug Use ◽  
The North ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Sensation Seeking Scale

Abstract BackgroundDrug use and risky driving is associated with sensation seeking. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between use of psychoactive substances and levels of the sensation seeking personality trait as measured with the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale 4 among drivers in Norway. MethodA cross-sectional design was applied to estimate the association between psychoactive substance use and sensation seeking behavior. Drivers in normal traffic were included in two roadside surveys: one in the north (September 2014 – October 2015) and the other in the south-east of Norway (April 2016 – April 2017). Oral fluid was analyzed for alcohol and psychoactive drugs, and data on sex, age and time of participation were recorded. Participants filled in the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale 4 questionnaire. ResultsA total of 8053 drivers were included, of which 32% were women and 62% were under 40 years. The prevalence of alcohol was 0.3%, stimulants 0.6%, tetrahydrocannabinol 1.4% and benzodiazepines and/or z-hypnotics 2.0% and polydrug use 0.6% Associations between the use of tetrahydrocannabinol or benzodiazepines and/or z-hypnotics and a low score on the “thrill and adventure seeking” domain of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale 4 (OR = 1.723, 95% C.I. = 1.001- 2.966, p = 0.05) were found. Associations were also found between the use of stimulants and the highest scores on the “experience seeking” (OR = 2.085, 95% C.I. = 1.084-4.009, p = 0.028) and “disinhibition” (OR = 4.791, 95% C.I. =1.748-13.135, p = 0.002) domains of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale 4. No associations were found between sensation seeking behavior and alcohol or polydrug use. ConclusionA high degree of sensation seeking was found among drivers who had used stimulants, in contrast to drives who had used tetrahydrocannabinol and benzodiazepines and/or z-hypnotics who showed a low degree of sensation seeking. The combination of sensation seeking behavior and the use of stimulants might lead to increased risky behavior and thus traffic crashes.

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