Access to drinking water in sub-Saharan Africa: does the developmental state doctrine matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 002085232093006
Author(s):  
Bacha Kebede Debela ◽  
Geert Bouckaert ◽  
Steve Troupin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data

Using data from 14 sub-Saharan African countries, this study investigates the relevance of the developmental state doctrine to enhancing access to improved drinking water sources and to reducing urban–rural inequalities in access to improved sources and piped-on premises. Although access to improved water sources and urban–rural inequality seems better in developmental states than in non-developmental states, we have not found sufficient support for the claim that the developmental state approach is the best alternative. The influence of corruption is, unexpectedly, higher in developmental states than in non-developmental states. Moreover, both developmental states and non-developmental states were not significantly investing in access to drinking water supply programs. We find that the total population growth rate is the strongest predictor, rather than regime type. Other factors that explain the variation between all samples of developmental states and non-developmental states are identified and discussed, and implications are outlined. Points for practitioners There is significant variation in access to improved drinking water sources and urban–rural inequalities in access to improved sources and piped-on premises between developmental states and non-developmental states. The relevance of the developmental state doctrine to improving access to drinking water, reducing socio-economic inequalities in access to drinking water, and realizing Sustainable Development Goal targets in sub-Saharan Africa is ambiguous. We advise strengthening a functional Weberian bureaucracy and promoting political decentralization.

HIV Prevalence Trends and Disparities by Gender and Urban-rural Residence Among Adolescents in Sub-saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reka Maulide Cane ◽  
Dessalegn Melesse ◽  
Nkomba Kayeyi ◽  
Abubakar Manu ◽  
Yohannes Dibaba Wado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background In sub-Saharan Africa HIV transmission is a major challenge in adolescents, especially among girls and those living in urban settings. Major international efforts have aimed at reducing sexual transmission. This analysis aims to assess the trends in HIV prevalence by gender in adolescents, as well as urban-rural disparities. Methods HIV prevalence data were obtained for 30 countries with a national survey since 2010 and for 23 countries with one survey circa 2005 and a recent survey circa 2015. Countries were grouped into 2% or higher and lower than 2% HIV prevalence among girls 15–19 years in the first survey. Country medians and average annual rates of changes were used to summarize the trends. Data on HIV incidence at ages 15–24 and prevalence at 5–9 and 10–14 years were reviewed from 11 recent national surveys. Trends in urban-rural disparities in HIV prevalence and selected indicators of sexual and HIV testing behaviours were assessed for females and males 15–24 years, using the same surveys. Results HIV prevalence among girls 15–19 years declined in the higher HIV prevalence group from 5.7–2.6% during 2005–2015, corresponding with an average annual rate of reduction of 6.5% per year. Among boys, the median HIV prevalence declined from 2.1–1.2% in the higher prevalence group. Smaller changes were observed in the lower prevalence country group where median HIV prevalence among girls decreased from 0.7–0.4% (average annual rate of reduction 5.9%). Girl – boy differences at 10–14 years were small with a country median HIV of 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively. Urban females and males 15–24 had at least 1.5 times higher HIV prevalence than their rural counterparts, and all experienced similar declines during 2005–2015. Condom use and HIV testing increased among adolescents in both higher and lower prevalence countries, but indicators of sexual activity showed little change over time. Conclusions HIV prevalence declined in almost all countries during the last decade, in both urban and rural settings, for both sexes. The urban-rural gap persisted and HIV transmission to girls, but not boys, is still a major challenge in eastern and southern African countries.

The paradox of water accessibility: understanding the temporal and spatial dimensions of access to improved water sources in Rwanda

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Osei ◽  
Jonathan Amoyaw ◽  
Godfred Odei Boateng ◽  
Sheila Boamah ◽  
Isaac Luginaah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The People ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Over Time

According to the United Nations, the world has met the Millennium Development Goal target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water. However, global figures mask massive disparities between regions and countries, and within countries. For instance, only 64% of the people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to improved water sources. Over 40% of all people globally who lack access to drinking water live in sub-Saharan Africa. Rwanda is used as a case in point in this study. Despite the abundance of water resources in the country, access to improved water sources is limited. Using the Rwandan Demographic and Health Surveys (2000–2010), we examined regional disparities in access to improved water sources. Results from logistic regression models show that overall, access to improved water has declined between 2000 and 2010; except in the western region, where access to water marginally improved. Educated individuals, wealthier and urban dwellers were more likely to have access to improved water sources over time compared to their uneducated, poor and rural counterparts. The persistence of regional disparities in access to improved water over time suggests the need for policy to address insufficient investments in water infrastructure in Rwanda.

Natural Disasters and International Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Naudé
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data

This paper employs a systems GMM model using data on 43 Sub-Saharan African countries from 1960 to 2005 to find that natural disasters have a significant impact on migration from SSA, raising the net out-migration by around 0.37 persons per 1,000. No direct evidence was found that natural disasters lead to further migration through impacting on GDP growth. It is however established that natural disasters is associated with a slightly increased probability that a country will be in conflict in a subsequent period. The frequency of natural disasters will not influence the duration of the conflict. It is concluded that natural disasters is an important determinant of migration from SSA. The findings in this paper imply that global climate change, through leading to more extreme weather events, will contribute to further migration from the continent.

scholarly journals Financial Development and Poverty in Developing Countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pam Zahonogo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Method Of Moment ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Poverty Indicators

The paper investigates how financial development affects poverty indicators in developing countries. We implement this analysis with a poverty model using data from 42 Sub-Saharan African countries and covering the period 1980-2012. We employ the System Generalized Method-of-Moment (GMM) that is appropriate to control country specific effects and the possible endogeneity. The empirical evidence shows that there indeed exists a financial development threshold below which financial development has detrimental effects on poor and above which financial development could be associated with less poverty. The evidence then points an inverted U curve type response and the findings are robust to changes in poverty measures and to alternative model specifications, suggesting thus the non-fragility of the linkage between financial development and poverty for sub-Saharan African countries. Our findings are then promising and support the view that the relation between financial development and poverty reduction is not linear for sub-Saharan African countries.

scholarly journals Does the Leader's Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAPHAËL FRANCK ◽  
ILIA RAINER
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data

In this article we reassess the role of ethnic favoritism in sub-Saharan Africa. Using data from 18 African countries, we study how the primary education and infant mortality of ethnic groups were affected by changes in the ethnicity of the countries’ leaders during the last 50 years. Our results indicate that the effects of ethnic favoritism are large and widespread, thus providing support for ethnicity-based explanations of Africa's underdevelopment. We also conduct a cross-country analysis of ethnic favoritism in Africa. We find that ethnic favoritism is less prevalent in countries with one dominant religion. In addition, our evidence suggests that stronger fiscal capacity may have enabled African leaders to provide more ethnic favors in education but not in infant mortality. Finally, political factors, linguistic differences, and patterns of ethnic segregation are found to be poor predictors of ethnic favoritism.

scholarly journals The Trend of HIV/AIDS Incidence and Risks Associated with Age, Period, and Birth Cohort in Four Central African Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2564
Author(s):  
Nodjimadji Tamlengar Martial ◽  
Sumaira Mubarik ◽  
Chuanhua Yu
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Global Burden Of Diseases ◽  
Hiv Aids

The HIV/AIDS incidence rates have decreased in African countries although the rates are still high in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our study aimed to examine the long-term trend of the overall HIV/AIDS incidence rates in four countries of the central region of Africa, using data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study. The Age–Period–Cohort statistical model analysis was used to measure the trends of HIV/AIDS incidence rates in each of the four countries. HIV/AIDS incidence rates decreased slowly in Cameroon (CAM), Chad, and Central African Republic (CAR), but considerably in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from 1990–2019. HIV/AIDS incidence rates in the four countries were at their peaks in the age group of 25–29 years. According to the age relative risks, individuals aged between 15 and 49 years old are at high risk of HIV/AIDS incidence in the four countries. The period and cohort relative risks have decreased in all four countries. Although CAM recorded an increase of 59.6% in the period relative risks (RRs) between 1990 and 1999, HIV/AIDS incidence has decreased dramatically in all four countries, especially after 2000. The decrease of the period RRs (relative risk) by nearly 20.6-folds and the decrease of the cohort RRs from 147.65 to almost 0.0034 in the DRC made it the country with the most significant decrease of the period and cohort RRs compared to the rest. HIV/AIDS incidence rates are decreasing in each of the four countries. Our study findings could provide solid ground for policymakers to promptly decrease HIV/AIDS incidence by strengthening the prevention policies to eliminate the public health threat of HIV/AIDS by 2030 as one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Conceptualizing the Developmental State in Resource-Rich Sub-Saharan Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Ghebremusse
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
State Model ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
State Participation ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractThis paper uses the “developmental state” model to conceptualize state participation in African extractive sectors. What form thss can take in resource-rich states has not been extensively studied, since most countries labeled as “developmental states” lacked significant natural resources. Borrowing from the experiences of “successful” African developmental states – notably Botswana and Mauritius – this paper proposes a graduated developmental state model that is driven by state capacity, both fiscally and structurally. This paper is divided as follows:

scholarly journals Data for distribution of various species of fecal coliforms in urban, rural and private drinking water sources in ten years period – A case study: Kermanshah, Iran

Data in Brief ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 1544-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Davoodi ◽  
Meghdad Pirsaheb ◽  
Kamaladdin Karimyan ◽  
Vinod Kumar Gupta ◽  
Ali Reza Takhtshahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Urban Rural

REVISITING CHINA'S DEVELOPMENTAL STATE: LESSONS FOR AFRICA

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khwezi Mabasa ◽  
Zukiswa Mqolomba
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

Prominent development institutions and researchers have documented the ascendance of China in the global political economy and mainly explored how the global balance of power is affected by China's growing economic expansion. Political economists have argued that it is part of the generic economic power shift from the global north to south whilst security studies place emphasis on Chinese national geopolitical interests in several regions. This article discusses what lessons can be drawn from China's developmental state experience and how these can inform Sub-Saharan African developmental strategies. We argue that China's rise has been driven by both market and non-market institutions and show how peculiar contextual historical and socio-political factors have been integral to building the Chinese developmental state. This demonstrates the importance of building effective state institutions to support sustainable economic growth and human development. We highlight the principles shaping institutional mechanisms relating to the rapid economic growth and argue that African governments should apply these in their attempts to rebuild state capacity. However, we also point out that negative trends such as authoritarianism and persistent inequality should not be replicated. Rather, Sub-Saharan Africa should build democratic developmental states characterised by pro-poor sustainable inclusive growth.

scholarly journals Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm Disease) Elimination and Eradication and the Challenges of Emerging Non-human Animal Hosts: A Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
M. O. Elom
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Guinea Worm ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Google Search

The objective of the review is to update information on the recent state of the transmission of dracunculiasis. Dracunculiasis is an ancient debilitating disease that has been lingering among dwellers of rural communities in some neglected sub-tropical and tropical countries. The disease is transmitted through drinking water that has been infested with Cyclops, the intermediate host of D. medinensis. Guinea worm disease has neither medicine for cure nor vaccine for prevention but can be prevented using certain intervention strategies. Any person that lives in the affected localities and drinks from Cyclop-infested water bodies could be infected, irrespective of age, gender or social status. The disease cripples the economy of affected communities, as it reduces attendance to farm work and other occupations and renders students absent from schools, through incapacitation. Eradication of dracunculiasis has been targeted using health education, boiling of water before drinking, application of temephos (Abate) to drinking water sources, filtration of water before drinking and installation of boreholes for the endemic localities. Attempts for eradication of dracunculiasis had reached an impressive and significant level before the emergence of cases of non-human animal infections. This phenomenon has sustained transmission of the disease in a few African countries. Published articles in Pubmed, Medline, Google Scholar and DOAJ on Guinea worm elimination and eradication and those on animal infections with Guinea worm were reviewed using Google search engine between February and April 2020. Scale up of application of Abate to affected drinking water sources is recommended as the most reliable and sustainable intervention in highly neglected communities.

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