scholarly journals Centrality, Mobility, and Specialization: A Study of Drug Markets in a Non-metropolitan Area in the United Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Baika ◽  
Paolo Campana
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Class A ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Police Records ◽  
Organized Crime Groups

This article empirically explores the structure and mechanisms underpinning the local drug markets in a non-metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. It relies on 3 years’ worth of police records supplemented with qualitative evidence. It shows that, overall, supplying drugs is a rather fragmented business; yet, there are indications of structural differentiation both in terms of positions and roles. Furthermore, substantial differences emerge across drug types—with heroin and cocaine networks showing a higher tendency toward cooperation and group formation (higher average degree and lower fragmentation). This might be due to a higher need for protection and more complex supply chains. Drug suppliers tend to specialize in relation to the Class A drugs, their role in the market, and the territory in which they operate. Finally, members of organized crime groups possess significantly higher degree centrality than non-members, suggesting an ability to exert influence on the market.

Whom Should We Target to Prevent? Analysis of Organized Crime in England using Intelligence Records

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Denley ◽  
Barak Ariel
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Promising Avenue

Much of the literature on organized crime is based on media, arrests and prosecution records, while research based on intelligence data on this otherwise clandestine criminality is scarce. We present aggregated intelligence data on all known organized crime groups (ocgs) and ocgs members in West Midlands region of the United Kingdom, encompassing records on 2,726 highly-prolific offenders and 280 groups, collated based on over a million records from multiple law enforcement agencies. Using a cross-sectional analysis of the records, we describe in granular details the characteristics, patterns and criminal endeavor of organized crime in one of the largest regions in the United Kingdom. Social network analyses are explored as well, in order to observe the links between both offenders within the same ocg as well as between ocgs. The results debunk previously assumed notions about suitable targets in the policing of organized crime. (a) Based on internal records, police pursue is responsible for the archiving of less than 6% of inactive ocgs, while more than 2/3’s of the ocgs become inactive due to ‘market’ reasons regardless of enforcement pursues; (b) more than half of ocg members have ‘replaceable’, low-level jobs (i.e., drug suppliers, enforcers and criminal activity organizers), while 20% are considered principal members of the groups (who are older and more experienced offenders, as per their arrest records) (c) larger ocgs appear to pose a greater threat to society than smaller ocgs, while the latter are more likely to be ‘naturally’ dispersed over time; (d) given the inefficiencies that characterize the current pursue approach, a promising avenue of exploration is the targeting of younger and less experienced co-offenders of ocg members, before they ‘formally’ join the ocgs and through preventative mechanism. We discuss these findings and offer scholars and practitioners new considerations for future inquiries.

The Migration-Crime Nexus and the Press in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-181
Author(s):  
Alexander A Caviedes
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Press ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Over Time

This article explores the link between migrants and crime as portrayed in the European press. Examining conservative newspapers from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2016, the study situates the press coverage in each individual country within a comparative perspective that contrasts the frequency of the crime narrative to that of other prominent narratives, as well as to that in the other countries. The article also charts the prevalence of this narrative over time, followed by a discussion of which particular aspects of crime are most commonly referenced in each country. The findings suggest that while there has been no steady increase in the coverage of crime and migration, the press securitizes migration by focusing on crime through a shared emphasis on human trafficking and the non-European background of the perpetrators. However, other frames advanced in these newspapers, such as fraud or organized crime, comprise nationally distinctive characteristics.

scholarly journals Organized Crime and National Security

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
National Security ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Empirical Argument ◽  
Legal Consequences

This article problematizes the growing tendency to characterize organized crime as a national security threat, referring primarily to the situation in the United Kingdom but also drawing on international and comparative examples. Three distinct arguments are presented contesting this comparison. First, it is questionable whether either concept is sufficiently clear in a definitional sense for the comparison to be meaningful analytically. The second empirical argument suggests that organized crime, as it is defined and encountered usually in the United Kingdom, does not yet constitute such a threat. Third, and regardless of the validity of the preceding arguments, it is argued in a normative sense that such a comparison should be resisted to the greatest extent possible, given the extraordinary legal consequences it entails. These claims indicate how caution must be exercized in making such a connection.

Coordination of Major Accident Services within a British Health Region

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-58
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Marsden ◽  
Michael I. Willis
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Ambulance Service ◽  
The West ◽  
Health Region ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
British Health ◽  
Health Districts

The arrangements for dealing with Major Accidents in the United Kingdom are set out in the Health Circular (HC(77)1) which places the onus for planning on Health Districts—each district serving a population of no greater than 200,000. The Metropolitan Area of West Yorkshire, served by the West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service, the West Yorkshire Metropolitan Police and the West Yorkshire Fire Service, takes in nine such districts and covers an area of 794,000 square miles and a population of just over two million. West Yorkshire is traversed by two motorways and a major trunk road.

To the Editor

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1321-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD ABRAMS
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
York City ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Professional Self

The report of Prudic and colleagues (2001, 31, pp. 929–934) on the results of a mailed questionnaire survey of ECT practices at a sample of New York City Metropolitan area hospitals is in the best tradition of professional self-evaluation, as exemplified by the influential survey conducted by Pippard & Ellam (1981) in the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals The Multiple Potentials of Urban Brownfields

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-63
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Rey ◽  
Martine Laprise ◽  
Sophie Lufkin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Brownfield Sites ◽  
The Core ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
City Model ◽  
Theoretical Construction ◽  
Urban Brownfields

AbstractThe phenomenon of urban brownfields is significant throughout European metropolitan areas. In this chapter, we assess, both in qualitative and quantitative terms, the inherent potential of urban brownfields to provide a relevant and substantial densification strategy for metropolitan areas. First, we explore the various opportunities for improvement of the built environment offered by urban brownfields in terms of environment, society, and economics, which are the core principles of sustainable development. This analysis is, inter alia, a juxtaposition between urban brownfields and the compact and polycentric city model, adapted to the metropolitan area. While brownfield regeneration appears to be a relevant densification strategy, it nevertheless implies that a sufficient reserve of land is available to engage policymakers. Thus, we attempt to estimate the urban brownfield stock in three countries: the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and France. The data subsequently serves as a basis for our calculation of the theoretical construction potential of brownfield sites.

A comparison of the United Kingdom Clinical Aptitude Test (UK-CAT) with a traditional admission selection process

2009 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishan Fernando ◽  
Gordon Prescott ◽  
Jennifer Cleland ◽  
Kathryn Greaves ◽  
Hamish McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Aptitude Test ◽  
The United Kingdom
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