Blood Doping in Sports

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Autologous Blood ◽  
Ergogenic Aid ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Blood Doping ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Doping In Sports ◽  
Psychological Parameters

Blood doping, or the infusion of autologous blood into trained athletes, has been theorized to increase endurance capacity. However, a review of 16 studies which have investigated various aspects relative to the effect of blood doping on endurance capacity and related physiological and psychological parameters, such as exercise HR, VO2max, and ratings of perceived exertion, has revealed inconsistent results. Due to the fact that most research designs employed to date have experienced some methodological irregularities, the efficiency of blood doping as an ergogenic aid for athletes has not been established.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate–protein ingestion improves subsequent running capacity towards the end of a football-specific intermittent exercise

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 748-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah F. Alghannam
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Protein Ingestion ◽  
Intermittent Activity

The majority of football players succumb to fatigue towards the end of the game. This study was designed to examine the influence of protein coingestion with carbohydrate (CHO) vs. an isocaloric CHO supplement on subsequent running capacity towards the end of a simulated football match. Six male amateur football players participated in 3 trials applied in a randomized cross-over experimental design. A laboratory-based, football-specific intermittent exercise was allocated for 75 min interspersed with a 15-min recovery, immediately followed by run time to fatigue (RTF) at 80% peak oxygen consumption. In each trial, prior to exercise and during half-time, participants randomly ingested a placebo (PLC), 6.9% CHO, or 4.8% CHO plus 2.1% protein (CHO-P) supplements matched for color and taste. CHO-P resulted in longer RTF (23.02 ± 5.27 min) than did CHO (16.49 ± 3.25 min) and PLC (11.00 ± 2.80 min) (p < 0.05). Blood glucose was higher in CHO-P at the point of fatigue (4.68 ± 0.64) compared with CHO and PLC (3.92 ± 0.29 and 3.66 ± 0.36, respectively; p < 0.05). Ratings of perceived exertion were lower in the CHO-P subjects at the onset of exercise and towards the end of intermittent exercise when compared with the PLC and CHO subjects (p < 0.05). When protein was added to a CHO supplement, subsequent running capacity following limited recovery from intermittent exercise was enhanced. This improvement suggests that protein coingestion may exert an ergogenic benefit upon endurance capacity during intermittent activity.

Effects of Post-Hypnotic Suggestions on Muscular Endurance

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Albert ◽  
Melvin H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Endurance Time ◽  
Heart Rate Data ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hypnotic Suggestions

This study examined the effects of post-hypnotic suggestions upon maximal endurance capacity, Borg ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate. Experimental subjects were administered post-hypnotic suggestions to improve or decrease performance, and control subjects were given similar instructions during the awake state. Endurance time could be decreased significantly when the fatigue suggestion was given to experimental subjects, but performance could not be enhanced with the facilitating suggestion. Control subjects showed no significant changes across conditions. The Borg ratings indicated that experimental subjects experienced subjective changes as suggested by the hypnotist. In addition, analysis failed to find any significant differences for the heart-rate data.

Effects of caffeine on endurance capacity and psychological state in young females and males exercising in the heat

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silva Suvi ◽  
Saima Timpmann ◽  
Maria Tamm ◽  
Martin Aedma ◽  
Kairi Kreegipuu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion

Acute caffeine ingestion is considered effective in improving endurance capacity and psychological state. However, current knowledge is based on the findings of studies that have been conducted on male subjects mainly in temperate environmental conditions, but some physiological and psychological effects of caffeine differ between the sexes. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical performance and psychological effects of caffeine in young women and men exercising in the heat. Thirteen male and 10 female students completed 2 constant-load walks (60% of thermoneutral peak oxygen consumption on a treadmill until volitional exhaustion) in a hot-dry environment (air temperature, 42 °C; relative humidity, 20%) after caffeine (6 mg·kg–1) and placebo (wheat flour) ingestion in a double-blind, randomly assigned, crossover manner. Caffeine, compared with placebo, induced greater increases (p < 0.05) in heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentrations in both males and females but had no impact on rectal or skin temperatures or on walking time to exhaustion in subjects of either gender. Caffeine decreased (p < 0.05) ratings of perceived exertion and fatigue in males, but not in females. In females, but not in males, a stronger belief that they had been administered caffeine was associated with a shorter time to exhaustion. In conclusion, acute caffeine ingestion increases HR and blood lactate levels during exercise in the heat, but it has no impact on thermoregulation or endurance capacity in either gender. Under exercise-heat stress, caffeine reduces ratings of perceived exertion and fatigue in males but not in females.

Effect of exercise modality on ratings of perceived exertion at various lactate concentrations

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 88???92 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. HETZLER ◽  
R. L. SEIP ◽  
S. H. BOUTCHER ◽  
E. PIERCE ◽  
D. SNEAD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Modality

Psychophysical and physiological comparison of squat and semi-squat lifting by young males

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Leon Straker ◽  
Carol Cain
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lower Heart Rate ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Squat Lifting

A comparison between semi-squat and squat techniques was made for floor to knuckle height lifting using maximum acceptable weight (MAW), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate. Semi-squat lifting resulted in greater MAW with lower RPE and lower heart rate compared to squat lifting. Discomfort was most commonly reported in knees/quadriceps with squat lifting. Twelve of the 13 subjects preferred the semi-squat technique. The results provide evidence that the semi-squat technique may have benefits over the squat technique for lifting a medium sized box from floor to knuckle height.

scholarly journals Functional Translation of Exercise Responses from Exercise Testing to Exercise Training: The Test of a Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Tristan Tyrrell ◽  
Jessica Pavlock ◽  
Susan Bramwell ◽  
Cristina Cortis ◽  
Scott T. Doberstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Cardiovascular Drift ◽  
And Training

Exercise prescription based on exercise test results is complicated by the need to downregulate the absolute training intensity to account for cardiovascular drift in order to achieve a desired internal training load. We tested a recently developed generalized model to perform this downregulation using metabolic equivalents (METs) during exercise testing and training. A total of 20 healthy volunteers performed an exercise test to define the METs at 60, 70, and 80% of the heart rate (HR) reserve and then performed randomly ordered 30 min training bouts at absolute intensities predicted by the model to achieve these levels of training intensity. The training HR at 60 and 70% HR reserve, but not 80%, was significantly less than predicted from the exercise test, although the differences were small. None of the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) values during training were significantly different than predicted. There was a strong overall correlation between predicted and observed HR (r = 0.88) and RPE (r = 0.52), with 92% of HR values within ±10 bpm and 74% of RPE values within ±1 au. We conclude that the generalized functional translation model is generally adequate to allow the generation of early absolute training loads that lead to desired internal training loads.

The Effect of Training and Epinephrine Infusion on Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE)

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Womack ◽  
S. Davis ◽  
J. Weltman ◽  
J. Blumer ◽  
E. Barrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion
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