Recent Issues and Concerns about Pharmaceutical Industry Promotional Efforts

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Bleidt
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Exchange Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
News Releases ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Promotional Efforts ◽  
Realistic View ◽  
Sales Forces ◽  
Regulatory Actions

Promotional efforts put forth by pharmaceutical manufacturers have accomplished their intended purposes — greatly expanding demand. The strategies and tactics employed are ethical, in most circumstances; however, questions are frequently raised about the possible unscrupulous nature of some methods. Inquiries have been made recently about just how moral some of these activities are and regulatory actions taken against those found to be unacceptable. The drug industry uses many unique promotional techniques that have been evolving over the past several decades. Discussed in this article are such powerful tools as video news releases, “pseudo-scientific” sessions, information exchange programs, using multiple sales forces, and self-competition, among others. The resulting furor over these operations has brought about changes in order to counter the abuses that have occurred. In the realistic view, though, due to the high stakes involved, promotional evolution will continue and new approaches developed, raising different, yet similar, questions. The answer lies within the target markets, prescribers and other practitioners through questioning and maintaining the normal adversarial nature expected in a fiduciary relationship.

scholarly journals Exploring the washback effects of a high-stakes English test on the teaching of English in Spanish upper secondary schools

2010 ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Amengual Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
High Stakes Tests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Tests ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Teaching Curriculum ◽  
Upper Secondary Schools

In the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the effects of language tests, especially high-stakes tests, on teaching and learning referred to as ‘washback'. In fact, high-stakes tests have started to be exploited to reform instruction and achieve beneficial washback. This paper focuses on the washback effects of a high-stakes English Test (ET) on the teaching of English. The main goal of this study is to examine the washback effects of the ET on the following aspects of teaching: curriculum, materials, teaching methods, and teaching feelings and attitudes. The study also attempts to discover teachers' perceptions towards the introduction of a speaking and a listening component in the design of the new ET due to be implemented in 2012. The overall findings, collected from a questionnaire carried out among 51 secondary teachers, indicate that the ET is clearly affecting curriculum and materials. Results also reveal that the ET appears to influence teachers' methodology. Furthermore, most of the teachers believe that the introduction of a speaking and a listening component in the new ET design will help solve the mismatch between the communicative approach they seem to value and the skills so far evaluated in the ET.

Canadian Geotechnical Research Site No. 1 at Gloucester

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1134-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
G C McRostie ◽  
C B Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Site ◽  
Sensitive Clay ◽  
Unusual Amount ◽  
Tools And Techniques

A parcel of land just south of Ottawa at Gloucester has been the site of an unusual amount of geotechnical research over the past 45 years. The parcel was recently to have been placed on the open real estate market but has been saved for scientific purposes and is now designated as "Canadian Geotechnical Research Site No. 1 at Gloucester". This paper presents an outline of the research that has been conducted at the site, in four general divisions, namely compressibility, strength, deformation, and soil property improvement. It is hoped that the site will stimulate the development and evaluation of new tools and techniques, foster scientific cooperation and information exchange, and allow the results of research involving the site to improve the state of practice, education, and research.Key words: sensitive clay, compressibility research, strength research, deformation research, soil improvement research.

scholarly journals Feminist Historiography and Uses of the Past

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-283
Author(s):  
Blossom Stefaniw
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Feminist Historiography

Two recently-published works involved in the representation of women in the Christian past show two contemporary but divergent historiographic modes. The following essay examines each study within a larger frame of inquiry as to how patriarchy continues to shape both the institutional and embodied orders within which feminist historiography of early Christianity and Late Antiquity takes place. Using Critical Race Theory as the best available perspective from which to engage with systems of oppression, I articulate certain revisions which should be made to current efforts towards equality and consider what it would mean to write feminist historiography as counter-narrative or counter-storytelling without that becoming a decorative or extra-curricular practice in the academy. When feminist historiography is treated simultaneously in institutional, embodied, and epistemic terms it becomes evident that the way we think about women is part of a high-stakes conflict around the use of the past.

Patterns of Prescription Drug Use: The Role of Promotion

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Joseph Stetler
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Prescription Drug Use ◽  
Drug Promotion ◽  
Promotional Efforts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Physician Prescribing

Promotional efforts directed to the health professions by pharmaceutical manufacturers, and their alleged association with excessive prescribing and drug abuse are the subject of this paper. The paper contends that claims to the effect that legitimate drug prescribing patterns and promotional efforts merely mirror—or even may cause—drug abuse are not factually supported. Assertions to the effect that physicians rely primarily on advertising in making prescribing decisions are not borne out by studies of the various factors which bear upon those decisions, the paper points out. It describes the extent of prescription drug promotion, and utilization and notes that physician prescribing of psychoactive drugs has lagged behind overall prescription growth trends, in contrast to the accelerating misuse and abuse of this class of medications in the community at large.

Reputation, Learning, and the Onset of Alliances

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J.C. Crescenzi
Keyword(s):  
Alliance Formation ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alliance Partners ◽  
Security Alliance

This chapter empirically investigates the link between reputation and cooperation among nations, especially in cases of security alliance formation, which are especially fraught and high-stakes processes for nations. Specifically, the focus here is on testing the argument that when states develop reputations for competence in cooperative situations, they are more likely to experience cooperation in other future interstate affairs. These findings provide support for the conclusion that, when nations seek alliance partners, they pay close attention to the past alliance-related behavior of their potential partners with other states. Specific, historical instances of Anglo-German and Anglo-Japanese alliance formation clarify the arguments of this chapter.

scholarly journals Logic of Appropriateness or Logic of Consequence?  Competing Explanations for the OECD Campaign against  Tax Havens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Melinda Wood
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Tax Havens ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Tax Information Exchange

<p>This thesis provides an alternative explanation to existing constructivist accounts of the OECD campaign against tax havens. It reinterprets the OECD project through a neoliberal institutionalist lens and offers a different take on each major historical development. It brings the narrative up to date, describing the events of the past two years and explaining the underlying causes in a manner consistent with the neoliberal reinterpretation. It finishes by considering what this account might predict for the future of tax information exchange. The thesis finds that transformative change happens in accordance with state interests rather than with identities and norms. International institutions fundamentally exist to advance the interests of their memberstates and will adapt their goals to reflect changing collective interests. States that are coerced to change their behaviour can be expected to comply only to the extent required to avoid sanctions.</p>

scholarly journals The Determinants Of Islamic Retail Banking Adoption In Malaysia

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seethaletchumy Thambiah ◽  
Shanti Ramanathan ◽  
Mohammad Nurul Huda Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Retail Banking ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promotional Efforts

This study aims to examine the factors affecting the adoption of Islamic retail banking (IRB) products and services among the banking customers of Malaysia. The market share of Islamic retail banking remains low despite being in operation for the past 28 years. Therefore, an empirical analysis was conducted to study the usage of Islamic retail banking products and services between the urban and rural banking customers of Malaysia. Comparisons were also made on the usage of Islamic deposits and financing schemes between the Muslim and non-Muslim customers. The findings of the study revealed, relative advantage, promotional efforts, complexity, compatibility and awareness on attributes of Islamic retail banking as the significant determinants of the usage of Islamic retail banking products and services. Thus, the findings of this study serves as a valuable guideline to the banking sector and policy makers to devise appropriate marketing strategies to promote Islamic retail banking products and services aggressively among the banking customers of Malaysia.

Present Status of Animal Clinical Pathology Examinations in the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-2) ◽  
pp. 528-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Matsuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Evaluation Committee ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Using Data

This paper will review the current status of animal clinical pathology in Japan using data obtained during a survey conducted by the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA). I am presenting this information as a representative of the Non-Clinical Evaluation Committee of the JPMA. Two co-workers, Dr. Nomura of Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Dr. Unno of Kanebo Co., Ltd., are also involved in this effort. Investigating and discussing the various problems concerning animal clinical pathology is timely and truly heartening, and we expect this information exchange in the animal clinical pathology field to continue.

Convulsive Seizures Following Phenothiazine Tranquilizers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-176
Author(s):  
EDWARD B. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Convulsive Seizures ◽  
Large Dosage

Judging by the volume of advertising and of sales, tranquilizing drugs have been widely employed during the past several years. Physicians in general have not been fearful of adverse reactions and promotional literature has emphasized their essential harmlessness. Reactions, especially with large dosage, have been reported (Hollister, L. E.: New England J. Med., 257:170, 1957) but are best known to pharmacologists and psychiatrists. The pharmaceutical manufacturers have given some warnings but have mostly emphasized the ease with which most of these reactions, when recognized, may be treated.

“A degree of latitude”: Thinking historically and making holistic judgements about internally assessed NCEA course work

2014 ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Research Process ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Course Work ◽  
Assessment Tasks ◽  
Specific Feedback ◽  
Assessment Environment ◽  
Conceptual Nature

This article draws on a recent New Zealand study of how young people learn to think critically about the past when they conduct internally assessed course work. The research demonstrated that, although students can develop advanced understandings of historical thinking when they conduct research projects, this development is largely dependent on how well teachers understand the conceptual nature of historical thinking. Teachers who understand how the discipline of history operates are more consistent and accurate in making judgements, able to provide specific feedback to students during the research process and they structure their assessment tasks to reflect historical thinking concepts. In the high-stakes internal assessment environment of NCEA understanding how the concepts of historical thinking drive teaching and learning at this level matters. It provides a robust, disciplinary framework that teachers can draw on when they are judging students’ work. This framework equips them to have the confidence to mark holistically when this is appropriate and to see the criteria as a guide.

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