Representation and Rhetoric: National Identity in the Anonymous Speeches of Thucydides

<p>This thesis is about patterns in the speeches of Thucydides' unnamed ambassadors which create a sense of the national identity of the speakers. While general scholarly opinion had tended to regard Thucydidean speakers as not able to be differentiated, some scholars have demonstrated characterising patterns in the speeches of named individuals, such as Nikias or Archidamos. I focus on three poleis, Athens, Corinth, and Sparta, and base my own investigations on those of the named speeches. I argue that patterns can be discerned in the anonymous speeches which differentiate these three poleis, and which suggest national characterisation. The first part of this thesis considers stylistic features of the anonymous speeches, in the form of a case study of the Spartan anonymous speech, as the statistical evidence highlights some unexpected features of this speech. Thus, I first consider sentence organisation, arguing that while the Spartans in their speech utilise an unusual amount of subordination, the speech retains the brevity and simplicity one would expect of Spartans, relative to speakers of the other poleis. I then consider two features of vocabulary which we would not expect to see in the Spartan speech, arguing that these features suggest an attempt by the Spartans to ingratiate their speech to the Athenians, and that the vocabulary underscores the unusualness of the speech and, due to two programmatic statements in the speech, ultimately serves to re-emphasise Spartan national character. The second part of this thesis considers broader rhetorical features. First, I consider how the speakers frame the persuasive purpose of their speeches, arguing that the Athenians frame their speeches as the giving of advice, as opposed to the Spartans' openness of purpose, while the Corinthians stand between the two. Then I consider the approaches to argumentation, arguing that the Spartans couch their arguments in a conservative, Doric framework, that the Corinthians are also conservative, and that the Athenians highlight the openness to risk-taking of the polis, and consideration of what is profitable, or advantageous. I conclude that differences in organisation of the speeches, length and relative complexity, and rhetorical posturing would suggest national character to a sensitive reader. That is, the Spartan speeches suggest a conservative, Doric polis, the Athenian speeches reflect a democratic state in which sophistic education is freely available, and open to risk-taking, and the Corinthian speeches reflect their geographical and cultural middle point between the poles of Athens and Sparta.</p>

Representation and Rhetoric: National Identity in the Anonymous Speeches of Thucydides

<p>This thesis is about patterns in the speeches of Thucydides' unnamed ambassadors which create a sense of the national identity of the speakers. While general scholarly opinion had tended to regard Thucydidean speakers as not able to be differentiated, some scholars have demonstrated characterising patterns in the speeches of named individuals, such as Nikias or Archidamos. I focus on three poleis, Athens, Corinth, and Sparta, and base my own investigations on those of the named speeches. I argue that patterns can be discerned in the anonymous speeches which differentiate these three poleis, and which suggest national characterisation. The first part of this thesis considers stylistic features of the anonymous speeches, in the form of a case study of the Spartan anonymous speech, as the statistical evidence highlights some unexpected features of this speech. Thus, I first consider sentence organisation, arguing that while the Spartans in their speech utilise an unusual amount of subordination, the speech retains the brevity and simplicity one would expect of Spartans, relative to speakers of the other poleis. I then consider two features of vocabulary which we would not expect to see in the Spartan speech, arguing that these features suggest an attempt by the Spartans to ingratiate their speech to the Athenians, and that the vocabulary underscores the unusualness of the speech and, due to two programmatic statements in the speech, ultimately serves to re-emphasise Spartan national character. The second part of this thesis considers broader rhetorical features. First, I consider how the speakers frame the persuasive purpose of their speeches, arguing that the Athenians frame their speeches as the giving of advice, as opposed to the Spartans' openness of purpose, while the Corinthians stand between the two. Then I consider the approaches to argumentation, arguing that the Spartans couch their arguments in a conservative, Doric framework, that the Corinthians are also conservative, and that the Athenians highlight the openness to risk-taking of the polis, and consideration of what is profitable, or advantageous. I conclude that differences in organisation of the speeches, length and relative complexity, and rhetorical posturing would suggest national character to a sensitive reader. That is, the Spartan speeches suggest a conservative, Doric polis, the Athenian speeches reflect a democratic state in which sophistic education is freely available, and open to risk-taking, and the Corinthian speeches reflect their geographical and cultural middle point between the poles of Athens and Sparta.</p>

Sub Occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique Verses Cranial Cervical Flexion Exercise for Increasing Hamstring Flexibility in Physiotherapy Students

Background: Variation in flexibility can put an unusual amount of annoyance on the framework of the musculoskeletal system. The hamstring muscles are restricted when they are short, which can interfere with everyday activities and is usually a cause for concern. The flexibility of the hamstrings increases as the suboccipital muscles' tone deteriorates,, which are is single neuronal pathway that goes through the dura mater and connects them and which is called as the superficial back line (SBL). Hence as an intervention suboccipital muscle inhibition technique and cranial cervical technique is less time and energy consuming with efficient amount of results. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of suboccipital muscle inhibition technique verses cranial cervical technique for increasing hamstring flexibility. Methods: Here we will evaluate hamstring tightness and impact of suboccipital muscle inhibition technique verses cranial cervical technique as an intervention with duration of 2 weeks. As an outcome measure Sit and reach test is given to desired population .This study will be conducted in Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Sawangi, Meghe, Wardha. The duration of study will be two week. The study design is pre and post interventional study. Results: The data will be analysed using Student paired t test. Conclusion: The expected outcome includes detection of hamstring tightness and improvement in hamstring tightness using sit and reach test. Data analysis will be done using students paired t test and conclusion of the study will be published after the results are analysed.

Cone mitochondria act as microlenses to enhance light delivery and confer Stiles-Crawford-like direction sensitivity

Sensory systems that efficiently transduce physical energy into neural signaling are advantageous for survival. The vertebrate retina poses a challenge to such efficiency, featuring an inverted structure with multiple neural layers through which photons must pass, risking premature absorption or scattering. Moreover, mammalian photoceptors aggregate an unusual amount of mitochondria in the ellipsoid region immediately before the light-sensitive outer segments (OS). While these mitochondria are required to support the high metabolic demands of phototransduction, it is yet unknown their impact on light transmission. Here we demonstrate via direct live-imaging and computational modeling that such tightly packed mitochondria concentrate light to enter the OS for detection. Intriguingly, this “microlens”-like feature of cone mitochondria delivers light with an angular dependence akin to the Stiles-Crawford effect, an essential visual phenomenon that improves resolution. We thus establish an unconventional optical function for cone mitochondria, energy-producing organelles, providing insight into their role in the interpretation of noninvasive optical tools for vision research and ophthalmology clinics.

Natural Disaster Preparedness Planning: Synchronizing Artificial Intelligence with a New Set of Leadership Skills for Generating an Inclusive Strategy in a Remote Workplace

An increasing number of major hurricanes, flooding, and wildfires has introduced an unusual amount of uncertainty and thus changes in our daily lives. However, one positive outcome is that they have also resulted in new opportunities to re-examine past approaches for planning to survive a natural disaster. A critical behavior practiced by inclusive leaders is to seek new ideas and perspectives from co-workers who have different values, expectations, and goals. Being receptive to different views enables organizational leaders to challenge the way they personally perceive how future practices and policies can be designed when planning to survive a natural disaster. However, particularly in the private sector, one sobering account has been the social cost of not convening face-to-face in our daily working environments whereby a free exchange of ideas is less likely to occur. This purpose of this theoretical paper is to propose a new skill set for those leaders working with remote co-workers when designing a plan for natural disaster preparedness for their organizations.

Clinical, Radiologic, and Pathologic Characteristics of Pulmonary Hamartomas With Uncommon Presentation

Objectives To investigate the clinicopathologic and radiologic features of pulmonary hamartomas (PHs) with uncommon clinical presentation. Methods A retrospective clinicopathologic and radiologic review was performed for patients diagnosed (1999-2019) with multiple hamartomas, lesions arising adjacent to a coexisting pulmonary malignancy, and tumors with predominantly extrapulmonary localization. Results Of 979 patients diagnosed with PHs, 6 (0.6%) had multiple hamartomas, 4 (0.4%) had hamartomas adjacent to lung adenocarcinoma, and 2 (0.2%) had large mediastinal masses. Patients with multiple lesions had a median age of 65 years and mean tumor size of 0.9 cm; 1 patient had 3 hamartomas, and 5 patients had 2. Lesions next to adenocarcinomas had a mean size of 1.4 cm, and affected patients had a median age of 69 years. Predominantly mediastinal PHs, diagnosed in a 63-year-old woman and a 68-year-old man, measured 4.1 to 6 cm and were connected to the lung. All lesions were solid on imaging with absence of definitive fat or calcification, concerning for granuloma or malignancy. All cases had typical histology of PH, although one of the mediastinal tumors had an unusual amount of epithelial hyperplasia. Conclusions PHs can be clinically and radiologically challenging to diagnose. Histopathologic examination of biopsies and resection specimens is diagnostically crucial in this setting.

Balancing Discretion and Expansion in the União do Vegetal

The União do Vegetal (UDV) is an ayahuasca-based religion that operates with an unusual amount of discretion. Preliminary research into the group created a desire to develop a better understanding of how the UDV balances its own ideas of acceptance and expansion while remaining discreet and closed to outsiders. This context has been shaped by the group’s history of legal prosecution and hesitant religious acceptance in the cultures it has expanded into, rather than group beliefs or practices. Through literary analysis of research papers on the UDV, general group secrecy, and interviews with members, this project will analyze why these practices are so pervasive. This presentation will discuss findings on the group. This research concludes that the UDV’s usage of discretion is a legitimate response to the legal and social pressures that the group faces, and while secrecy doesn’t appear to be an integral part of the group, discretion does play an important role in member interaction with outsiders. Additionally, this research suggests that the UDV’s expansion indicates an overlap with New Age spiritualties.

Effect of Energy and Failure Rate in a Multi-Item Smart Production System

To form a smart production system, the effect of energy and machines’ failure rate plays an important role. The main issue is to make a smart production system for complex products that the system may produce several defective items during a long-run production process with an unusual amount of energy consumption. The aim of the model is to obtain the optimum amount of smart lot, the production rate, and the failure rate under the effect of energy. This study contains a multi-item economic imperfect production lot size energy model considering a failure rate as a system design variable under a budget and a space constraint. The model assumes an inspection cost to ensure product’s quality under perfect energy consumption. Failure rate and smart production rate dependent development cost under energy consumption are considered, i.e., lower values of failure rate give higher values of development cost and vice versa under the effect of proper utilization of energy. The manufacturing system moves from in-control state to out-of-control state at a random time. The theory of nonlinear optimization (Kuhn–Tucker method) is employed to solve the model. There is a lemma to obtain the global optimal solution for the model. Two numerical examples, graphical representations, and sensitivity analysis of key parameters are given to illustrate the model.

What Was It?

It is, I confess, with considerable diffidence that I approach the strange narrative which I am about to relate. The events which I purpose detailing are of so extraordinary a character that I am quite prepared to meet with an unusual amount of incredulity...

Cardiovascular Ultrasound Contrast Agent and Microembolic Signals on Transcranial Doppler

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring of the intracranial vessels is useful for the detection of microembolic signals (MES), which can help with risk stratification and evaluation of therapies. The presence of any emboli during a TCD exam is concerning and treatment is controversial. In this case, an unusual high count of emboli were detected in all vessels, which prompted a change in clinical management. It is now believed that the injectable cardiovascular ultrasound contrast agent (Definity®) was the cause of the large number of MES. Ramanathan reported a similar case in which an unusual amount of MES were detected during emboli monitoring (EM) and were felt to be contamination from Definity® contrast injected 2 hours prior to the EM exam. When unexpectedly faced with numerous MES, practitioners should consider other factors that can influence the results of TCD with EM.