Reputation, Learning, and the Onset of Alliances

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J.C. Crescenzi
Keyword(s):  
Alliance Formation ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alliance Partners ◽  
Security Alliance

This chapter empirically investigates the link between reputation and cooperation among nations, especially in cases of security alliance formation, which are especially fraught and high-stakes processes for nations. Specifically, the focus here is on testing the argument that when states develop reputations for competence in cooperative situations, they are more likely to experience cooperation in other future interstate affairs. These findings provide support for the conclusion that, when nations seek alliance partners, they pay close attention to the past alliance-related behavior of their potential partners with other states. Specific, historical instances of Anglo-German and Anglo-Japanese alliance formation clarify the arguments of this chapter.

The Obligation to Choose

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Light Quanta ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
Scientific Ideas

Chapter 1 explores Woolf’s writings up to the end of 1925 in relation to scientific ideas on wave-particle duality, providing the ‘retrospect of Woolf’s earlier novels’ which Michael Whitworth has suggested shows that she was working ‘in anticipation of the physicists’. The chapter as a whole challenges this idea of anticipation, showing that Woolf was actually working in parallel with physicists, philosophers, and artists in the early twentieth century, all of whom were starting to question dualistic models and instead beginning to develop complementary ones. A retrospect on wave-particle duality is also provided, making reference to Max Planck’s work on quanta and Albert Einstein’s development of light quanta. This chapter pays close attention to Woolf’s writing of light and her use of conjunctions, suggesting that Woolf was increasingly looking to write ‘both/and’ rather than ‘either/or’. Among other texts, it considers Night and Day, Mrs Dalloway, and ‘Sketch of the Past’.

(Hi)story Telling in the Books of Samuel

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachelle Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Story Telling ◽  
Literary Reading ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Narrative Studies ◽  
Books Of Samuel ◽  
2 Samuel

This chapter introduces the books of Samuel from three angles. The first angle is an overview of its content and macro-structures. Close attention is paid to the patterns in its narrative: the rise and fall of Israel’s leadership and the comparisons and contrasts between these leaders. Second, the focus shifts from the books themselves to the methods of reading them, tracing the development of narrative studies in Samuel. It advocates the integration of final form readings with investigation into historical and source-critical questions of the book, each informing and developing the other. Finally, an example of this integration is demonstrated in a narrative reading of the story of Shimei, David, and Joab in 2 Samuel 20 through the lens of its characteristics of historiography: causation, meaning, and evaluation. Attention to these categories deepens our literary reading, highlighting its values and conception of significance in the past.

scholarly journals Adverse Selection in P2P Lending: Does Peer Screening Work Efficiently?—Empirical Evidence from a P2P Platform

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Yao Wang ◽  
Zdenek Drabek
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Type Ii Error ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
The Past ◽  
P2p Lending ◽  
Online Lending

The rapid development of online lending in the past decade, while providing convenience and efficiency, also generates large hidden credit risk for the financial system. Will removing financial intermediaries really provide more efficiency to the lending market? This paper used a large dataset with 251,887 loan listings from a pioneer P2P lending platform to investigate the efficiency of the credit-screening mechanism on the P2P lending platform. Our results showed the existence of a TYPE II error in the investors’ decision-making process, which indicated that the investors were predisposed to making inaccurate diagnoses of signals, and gravitated to borrowers with low creditworthiness while inadvertently screening out their counterparts with high creditworthiness. Due to the growing size of the fintech industry, this may pose a systematic risk to the financial system, necessitating regulators’ close attention. Since, investors can better diagnose soft signals, an effective and transparent enlargement of socially related soft information together with a comprehensive and independent credit bureau could mitigate adverse selection in a disintermediation environment.

scholarly journals Exploring the washback effects of a high-stakes English test on the teaching of English in Spanish upper secondary schools

2010 ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Amengual Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
High Stakes Tests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Tests ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Teaching Curriculum ◽  
Upper Secondary Schools

In the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the effects of language tests, especially high-stakes tests, on teaching and learning referred to as ‘washback'. In fact, high-stakes tests have started to be exploited to reform instruction and achieve beneficial washback. This paper focuses on the washback effects of a high-stakes English Test (ET) on the teaching of English. The main goal of this study is to examine the washback effects of the ET on the following aspects of teaching: curriculum, materials, teaching methods, and teaching feelings and attitudes. The study also attempts to discover teachers' perceptions towards the introduction of a speaking and a listening component in the design of the new ET due to be implemented in 2012. The overall findings, collected from a questionnaire carried out among 51 secondary teachers, indicate that the ET is clearly affecting curriculum and materials. Results also reveal that the ET appears to influence teachers' methodology. Furthermore, most of the teachers believe that the introduction of a speaking and a listening component in the new ET design will help solve the mismatch between the communicative approach they seem to value and the skills so far evaluated in the ET.

scholarly journals Feminist Historiography and Uses of the Past

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-283
Author(s):  
Blossom Stefaniw
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Feminist Historiography

Two recently-published works involved in the representation of women in the Christian past show two contemporary but divergent historiographic modes. The following essay examines each study within a larger frame of inquiry as to how patriarchy continues to shape both the institutional and embodied orders within which feminist historiography of early Christianity and Late Antiquity takes place. Using Critical Race Theory as the best available perspective from which to engage with systems of oppression, I articulate certain revisions which should be made to current efforts towards equality and consider what it would mean to write feminist historiography as counter-narrative or counter-storytelling without that becoming a decorative or extra-curricular practice in the academy. When feminist historiography is treated simultaneously in institutional, embodied, and epistemic terms it becomes evident that the way we think about women is part of a high-stakes conflict around the use of the past.

Recent Issues and Concerns about Pharmaceutical Industry Promotional Efforts

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Bleidt
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Exchange Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
News Releases ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Promotional Efforts ◽  
Realistic View ◽  
Sales Forces ◽  
Regulatory Actions

Promotional efforts put forth by pharmaceutical manufacturers have accomplished their intended purposes — greatly expanding demand. The strategies and tactics employed are ethical, in most circumstances; however, questions are frequently raised about the possible unscrupulous nature of some methods. Inquiries have been made recently about just how moral some of these activities are and regulatory actions taken against those found to be unacceptable. The drug industry uses many unique promotional techniques that have been evolving over the past several decades. Discussed in this article are such powerful tools as video news releases, “pseudo-scientific” sessions, information exchange programs, using multiple sales forces, and self-competition, among others. The resulting furor over these operations has brought about changes in order to counter the abuses that have occurred. In the realistic view, though, due to the high stakes involved, promotional evolution will continue and new approaches developed, raising different, yet similar, questions. The answer lies within the target markets, prescribers and other practitioners through questioning and maintaining the normal adversarial nature expected in a fiduciary relationship.

Metaphors of Time and Modernity in Bach

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Varwig
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Time History ◽  
Johann Sebastian Bach ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

Narratives of music and modernity have been prominent in musicological writings of the past decade, and the place of Johann Sebastian Bach within these narratives has formed the subject of stimulating debates. Recent studies by Karol Berger and John Butt have aimed to integrate Bach's Passion compositions into broadly conceived philosophical frameworks, in Berger's case focusing specifically on changing perceptions of time from a premodern sense of circular stasis to a modern linear idea of progress. This article proposes an alternative model of historical inquiry into these issues by presenting a detailed look at attitudes to time in early eighteenth-century Protestant Leipzig. My approach reveals a complex constellation of conflicting ideas and metaphors that encompass notions of time as both circular and linear and evince a particular concern for the question of how to fill the time of one's earthly existence productively. In this light, pieces like Bach's St. Matthew Passion and Georg Philipp Telemann's Brockes Passion can be understood to have offered a range of different temporal experiences, which depended on individual listening attitudes, performance decisions, and surrounding social conventions. I argue that only through paying close attention to these fluid and often incongruous discourses can we gain a sufficiently nuanced picture of how music may have reflected and shaped early eighteenth-century conceptions of time, history, and eternity.

THEONYMS AND MYTHONYMS IN EARLY LATIN-SLAVIC DICTIONARIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
V.V. Shapoval
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Alphabetical Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

The interpretation of the onyms and mythonyms in the early printed dictionaries of Europe, including Slavic (Czech, and then Polish) material, deserves close attention. Latin-Czech dictionary of 1511 and subsequent dictionaries of the XVI cent. sometimes give unexpected links and definitions in the Slavic part. These peculiarities in the presented material allow us to reconstruct some details in the concepts of the past concerning the analyzed phenomena. In addition, like other proper names, theonyms and mythonyms do not have special marks in the common alphabetical order or thematic subsections; the last complicates their detection and analysis.

A substitute for poor institutions? Interorganizational affiliations in the alliance formation process

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Rossmannek ◽  
Olaf N. Rank
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Alliance Formation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government ◽  
Alliance Partners

Purpose This study aims to investigate how the home country institutional development influences the alliance formation process. Design/methodology/approach A network of strategic alliances between 95 airlines over a 5-year period is analyzed with stochastic actor-oriented models [i.e. Simulation investigation for empirical network analysis (SIENA)]. Robustness analyses use a subsample of these airlines over a period of 10 years. Findings The results demonstrate that the membership in a firm group and a high share of state ownership are more beneficial for the number of alliances if the firm originates from a country with low institutional development. Practical implications Firms from less developed countries can use affiliations (e.g. to firm groups or the government) as signals to attract international alliance partners. Social implications Policymakers from less developed countries should support the development of (local) firm groups to stimulate interorganizational cooperation. Originality/value Firms form alliances based on two aspects: preferences for alliance partners and attractiveness to potential partners. Prior studies outlined that institutional development affects the preferences of firms for alliance partners. This study demonstrates how the institutional development influences the attractiveness to potential partners.

MECHANISM FOR COMMITTING CORRUPTION-RELATED CRIMES BY DELIVERING PROHIBITED ITEMS TO THE TERRITORY OF INSTITUTIONS THAT PROVIDE ISOLATION FROM SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Надежда Викторовна Грязева
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Special Environment

В работе представлен механизм совершения коррупционных преступлений посредством доставки запрещенных предметов на территорию исправительных учреждений лицами из числа сотрудников органов и учреждений УИС, который изложен в виде последовательного (поэтапного) ряда процессов взаимодействия участников события прошлого, результатом которых являются следы-отображения, содержащие криминалистически значимую информацию о самом преступлении и участвующих в нем лицах. Пристальное внимание уделено преступной деятельности субъектов - должностных лиц органов и учреждений УИС - как системообразующему элементу рассматриваемой криминалистической категории. Субъектам расследования - следователям Следственного комитета РФ - для полноты, всесторонности и объективности установления обстоятельств по уголовным делам необходимо изучение закономерностей преступной деятельности должностных лиц, совершающих коррупционные преступления, проявляющихся в окружающей обстановке в виде материальных и идеальных следов, а также специфики деятельности учреждений УИС, образующей особую обстановку, элементы которой используют участники преступного события. В статье обозначены основные элементы механизма преступлений рассматриваемой группы: преступная деятельность субъекта; поведение и деятельность иных участников события; обстановка совершения преступления; отдельные элементы обстановки, используемые участниками события; орудия, средства преступления и иные предметы, используемые для достижения цели преступления; обстоятельства, положительно или отрицательно влияющие на достижение планируемого результата. На основе общего представления о механизме преступления и практических материалов в работе представлены основные этапы совершения коррупционных преступлений сотрудниками учреждений, обеспечивающих изоляцию от общества. The article presents the mechanism of committing corruption-related crimes by the delivery of prohibited items to the territory of correctional institutions by officers and employers of bodies and institutions of the penal system, which is set out in a sequential (phased) of a number of processes of interaction of participants of events of the past, resulting in traces of the display that contains forensically relevant information about the crime and involved persons. Close attention is paid to the criminal activity of subjects-officials of bodies and institutions of the penal system, as a system-forming element of the considered criminalistic category. The subjects of the investigation - the investigators of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for completeness, comprehensiveness and objectivity of establishing the circumstances in criminal cases it is necessary to study patterns of criminal activity of officials committing crimes of corruption, manifested in the environment in the form of material and ideal traces, and also specificity of activity of establishments the FPS forming a special environment whose elements are using members of the criminal event. The article outlines the main elements of the mechanism of crimes groups: criminal activities of the subject; the behavior and activity of other participants of the event; the scene of the crime; individual elements of the scene used by the participants of the event; implements, tools of crime and other items used to achieve the goal of the crime; the circumstances positively or negatively influence the achievement of the planned result. Based on a general understanding of the mechanism of crime and practical materials, the paper presents the main stages of committing corruption crimes by employees of institutions that provide isolation from society.

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