Duration-Weighted Exposure to Neighborhood Disadvantage and Racial-Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Sexual Behavior

Racial-ethnic disparities in adolescent sexual risk behavior are associated with health disparities during adulthood and are therefore important to understand. Some scholars argue that neighborhood disadvantage induces disparities, yet prior research is mixed. We extend neighborhood-effects research by addressing long-term exposure to neighborhood disadvantage and estimation bias resulting from inclusion of time-varying covariates. Drawing from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study, we compare a point-in-time proximal measure of neighborhood disadvantage with a duration-weighted measure using marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment weights. Findings indicate that multiracial, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic youth exhibit significantly higher sexual risk and duration-weighted exposure to neighborhood disadvantage than non-Hispanic white adolescents. Duration-weighted exposure is a better predictor of sexual initiation and number of partners by age 15 than a point-in-time proximal measure of neighborhood disadvantage and accounts for a substantial portion of the race-ethnic differences in sexual risk.

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Self-Rated Health and Sense of Control for Older Adults Receiving Publicly Funded Home- and Community-Based Services

Journal of Aging and Health ◽

10.1177/0898264320929560 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 1376-1386

Author(s):

Tetyana P. Shippee ◽

Yinfei Duan ◽

Mary Olsen Baker ◽

Julie Angert

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Well Being ◽

Sense Of Control ◽

Publicly Funded ◽

Community Based ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Community Based Services

Objectives: This study examines racial/ethnic differences in self-rated health (SRH) and sense of control among older adults receiving publicly funded home- and community-based services (HCBS) and tests the mediating role of functional, emotional, and financial stressors. Methods: Data are from 2015 National Core Indicators—Aging and Disability Survey collected from face-to-face interviews with 1936 older adults aged 65 years or older receiving HCBS in Minnesota. Path analysis based on logistic regression was used. Results: Racial/ethnic minority HCBS users had lower SRH and sense of control than white participants, with Asian participants reporting the lowest scores. Whereas functional impairment was a common explanatory factor for the racial/ethnic differences, negative mood and financial strain were mediators for Asian and Hispanic/Latino participants, respectively. Discussion: Racial/ethnic disparities in well-being exist among older HCBS users, with different mediators at play. Customized services are needed to meet diverse needs of older adults of different racial/ethnic groups.

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Geographic Regional Variation in Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Late-Life Depression

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.545 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 168-168

Author(s):

Chirag Vyas ◽

Charles Reynolds ◽

David Mischoulon ◽

Grace Chang ◽

Olivia Okereke

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Late Life ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Late Life Depression ◽

Item Level ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Hispanic White

Abstract There is evidence of racial/ethnic disparities in late-life depression (LLD) burden and treatment in the US. Geographic region may be a novel social determinant; yet, limited data exist regarding the interplay of geographic region with racial/ethnic differences in LLD severity, item-level symptom burden and treatment. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 25,503 men aged 50+ years and women aged 55+ years in VITAL-DEP (VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL-Depression Endpoint Prevention), an ancillary study to the VITAL trial. Racial/ethnic groups included Non-Hispanic White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and other groups (Native American/Alaskan Native and other/multiple/unspecified-race/ethnicity). We assessed depression status using: the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8); self-reported clinician/physician diagnosis of depression; medication and/or counseling treatment for depression. In the full sample, Midwest region was significantly associated with 12% lower severity of LLD, compared to Northeast region (rate ratio (RR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 0.88 (0.83-0.93)). However, racial/ethnic differences in LLD varied by region. For example, in the Midwest, Blacks and Hispanics had significantly higher depression severity compared to non-Hispanic Whites (RR (95% CI): for Black, 1.16 (1.02-1.31); for Hispanic, 2.03 (1.38-3.00)). Furthermore, in multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, minority vs. non-Hispanic White adults had 2- to 3-fold significantly higher odds of several item-level symptoms across all regions, especially in the Midwest and Southwest. Finally, among those endorsing PHQ-8≥10, Blacks had 60-80% significantly lower odds of depression treatment, compared to non-Hispanic Whites, in all regions. In summary, we observed significant geographic variation in patterns of racial/ethnic disparities in LLD outcomes. This requires further longitudinal investigation.

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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among US Adolescents, 2010-2016

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354918805720 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 133 (6) ◽

pp. 667-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Noah S. Webb ◽

Benjamin Dowd-Arrow ◽

Miles G. Taylor ◽

Amy M. Burdette

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Black Adolescents ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

White Adolescents ◽

Hispanic Adolescents ◽

Vaccination Rates ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic

Objective: Although research suggests racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination and mortality rates, few studies have examined racial/ethnic trends among US adolescents. We used national cross-sectional data to determine (1) trends in influenza vaccination rates among non-Hispanic white (hereinafter, white), non-Hispanic black (hereinafter, black), and Hispanic adolescents over time and (2) whether influenza vaccination rates among adolescents varied by race/ethnicity. Methods: We analyzed provider-reported vaccination histories for 2010-2016 from the National Immunization Survey–Teen. We used binary logistic regression models to determine trends in influenza vaccination rates by race/ethnicity for 117 273 adolescents, adjusted for sex, age, health insurance, physician visit in the previous 12 months, vaccination facility type, poverty status, maternal education level, children in the household, maternal marital status, maternal age, and census region of residence. We calculated adjusted probabilities for influenza vaccination for each racial/ethnic group, adjusted for the same demographic characteristics. Results: Compared with white adolescents, Hispanic adolescents had higher odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.16) and black adolescents had lower odds (aOR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-1.00) of vaccination. Compared with white adolescents, Hispanic adolescents had significantly higher adjusted probabilities of vaccination for 2011-2013 (2011: 0.22, P < .001; 2012: 0.23, P < .001; 2013: 0.26, P < .001). Compared with white adolescents, black adolescents had significantly lower probabilities of vaccination for 2016 (2016: 0.21, P < .001). Conclusions: Targeted interventions are needed to improve adolescent influenza vaccination rates and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in adolescent vaccination coverage.

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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN DEMENTIA CAREGIVER WELL-BEING

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.1624 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S434-S434

Author(s):

Chelsea Liu ◽

Adrian Badana ◽

Julia Burgdorf ◽

Chanee D Fabius ◽

William E Haley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Well Being ◽

Population Based ◽

Dementia Caregivers ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Dementia Caregiver ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Physical Outcomes

Abstract Studies comparing racial/ethnic differences on psychological and physical outcomes of dementia caregivers have often reported differences in well-being for minority groups compared to Whites. However, due to issues with enrolling minorities into studies, recruitment methods often differ for minority and White participants and may lead to biased comparisons. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine racial/ethnic differences in dementia caregiver outcomes and to determine whether any differences vary among studies with population-based samples compared to convenience samples. We systematically reviewed articles with primary data from PubMed, Google Scholar and PsycINFO, and included studies comparing either African American (AA) or Hispanic/Latino dementia caregivers to White caregivers on measures of psychological health (e.g. depression, anxiety, burden) and physical health (e.g. self-rated health, cardiovascular measures, stress biomarkers). Reviewers screened titles and abstracts, reviewed full texts and conducted risk-of-bias assessments. A total of 207 effects were extracted from 40 studies. Random-effects models showed that Hispanics/Latinos reported significantly lower levels of well-being than Whites (ps < .05) for both psychological outcomes (37 effects) and physical outcomes (15 effects), while AAs were not significantly different from Whites in either domain. No differences were observed for population-based studies (N=3; 23 effects) or convenience-sample studies (N=37; 184 effects). Although some previous studies with convenience samples found better psychological well-being in AA caregivers, that pattern was not confirmed in our meta-analysis. Additional analyses for the different indicators of well-being and the relationship of quality ratings to effect sizes will be discussed along with implications for future research.

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Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Relationship Between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Adolescent Substance Use

Journal of Drug Issues ◽

10.1177/0022042612462218 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 69-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Abigail A. Fagan ◽

Emily M. Wright ◽

Gillian M. Pinchevsky

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽

Adolescent Substance Use ◽

Adolescent Substance ◽

The Relationship ◽

Racial Ethnic

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health

10.31235/osf.io/eq4y3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Samia Tasmim ◽

Sarah Collins

Keyword(s):

Health Disparities ◽

Healthcare Access ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Well Being ◽

Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽

Individual Level ◽

Fundamental Cause ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Unequal Opportunities ◽

Racial Ethnic

Racial and ethnic disparities in health stem from the historical legacy and continued patterns of unequal resources and treatment on the basis of race/ethnicity in society (Hummer and Hamilton 2019; Williams and Sternthal 2010). Health disparities encompass differences in physical health, mental health, all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk, activity limitations, healthcare access and utilization, and other metrics of well-being. Researchers have identified a variety of explanations for racial/ethnic health disparities, including socioeconomic inequality, institutional- and individual-level discrimination, residential segregation, early-life circumstances, and health behaviors, among others. However, unequal opportunities on the basis of race/ethnicity remain the fundamental cause of health disparities (Hummer 1996; Phelan and Link 2015).

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Temporal Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Sleep Duration in the United States: A National Health Interview Survey Analysis from 2004 to 2018

10.1101/2021.10.31.21265202 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

César Caraballo ◽

Shiwani Mahajan ◽

Javier Valero-Elizondo ◽

Daisy Massey ◽

Yuan Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Duration ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Household Income ◽

National Health Interview Survey ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Short Sleep ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Interview Survey ◽

Racial Ethnic

Importance: Minoritized racial and ethnic groups are generally more likely to experience sleep deficiencies. It is unclear how these sleep duration disparities have changed over recent years. Objective: To determine 15–year trends in the racial and ethnic differences in self–reported sleep duration among adults in the US. Design: Serial cross–sectional study. Setting: National Health Interview Survey from years 2004–2018. Participants: 429,195 non–institutionalized adults. Exposures: Self–reported race, ethnicity, household income, and sex/gender. Main Outcomes: Temporal trends and racial/ethnic differences in short– and long–sleep duration (≤6 and ≥10 hours in a 24–hour period, respectively) and racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between sleep duration and age. Results: The study sample consisted of 429,195 individuals (mean age 46.5 [SE, 0.08] years; 51.7% female) of which 5.1% identified as Asian, 11.8% as Black, 14.7% as Latino/Hispanic, and 68.5% as White. In 2004, the adjusted estimated prevalence of short–sleep duration and long–sleep duration, respectively, were 31.3% and 2.5% among Asian individuals, 35.3% and 6.4% among Black individuals, 27.0% and 4.6% among Latino/Hispanic individuals, and 27.8% and 3.5% among White individuals. Over the study period, there was a significant increase in the short sleep prevalence among Black, Latino/Hispanic, and White individuals (P≤0.02 for each), whereas prevalence of long sleep changed significantly only among Latino/Hispanic individuals (–1.4 points, P=0.01). In 2018, compared with White individuals, short sleep prevalence among Black and Latino/Hispanic individuals was higher by 10.7 points and 2.6 points, respectively (P≤0.02 each), and long sleep prevalence among Black people was significantly higher by 1.4 points (P=0.01). These racial/ethnic disparities were the greatest among women and among those with middle/high household income. Over the study period, Black individuals younger than 60 years old had the highest prevalence of short sleep compared with those of the same age; and Black individuals had a higher long–sleep duration prevalence than White individuals across all age groups. Conclusions: From 2004 to 2018, the prevalence of unrecommended sleep duration was persistently higher among Black individuals. The Black–White disparities were highest among women, individuals who had middle or high income, and among young or middle–aged adults.

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RACE/ETHNICITY AND U.S. ADULT MORTALITY

Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race ◽

10.1017/s1742058x11000051 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 5-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Robert A. Hummer ◽

Juanita J. Chinn

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Differences ◽

Mexican Americans ◽

Mexican Immigrants ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Social Resources ◽

Socioeconomic Resources ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Lower Mortality Risk

AbstractAlthough there have been significant decreases in U.S. mortality rates, racial/ethnic disparities persist. The goals of this study are to: (1) elucidate a conceptual framework for the study of racial/ethnic differences in U.S. adult mortality, (2) estimate current racial/ethnic differences in adult mortality, (3) examine empirically the extent to which measures of socioeconomic status and other risk factors impact the mortality differences across groups, and (4) utilize findings to inform the policy community with regard to eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in mortality. Relative Black-White differences are modestly narrower when compared to a decade or so ago, but remain very wide. The majority of the Black-White adult mortality gap can be accounted for by measures of socioeconomic resources that reflect the historical and continuing significance of racial socioeconomic stratification. Further, when controlling for socioeconomic resources, Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants exhibit significantly lower mortality risk than non-Hispanic Whites. Without aggressive efforts to create equality in socioeconomic and social resources, Black-White disparities in mortality will remain wide, and mortality among the Mexican-origin population will remain higher than what would be the case if that population achieved socioeconomic equality with Whites.

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