Funding rebellion

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Igoe Walsh ◽  
Justin M Conrad ◽  
Beth Elise Whitaker ◽  
Katelin M Hudak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Resource Exploitation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

We introduce a new dataset measuring if and how rebel groups earn income from the exploitation of natural resources or criminal activities. The Rebel Contraband Dataset makes three contributions to data in this area. First, it covers a wide range of natural resources and types of crime. Second, it measures rebel engagement in these activities over time. Third, it distinguishes among different strategies that rebel groups employ, such as extortion and smuggling. Theory suggests that reliance on natural resource wealth should lead rebels to mistreat civilians, but cross-group research using existing data does not find support for this relationship. We replicate an earlier study using data from the Rebel Contraband Dataset and conclude that there is a consistent relationship between natural resource exploitation and civilian victimization. Future research can use the dataset to explore questions about the onset, location, severity, and outcomes of civil conflicts.

Rebel Natural Resource Exploitation and Conflict Duration

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin M. Conrad ◽  
Kevin T. Greene ◽  
James Igoe Walsh ◽  
Beth Elise Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Conflict Processes ◽  
Conflict Duration ◽  
Natural Resource Exploitation ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
The Government ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth

How does natural resource wealth influence the duration of civil conflicts? We theorize that the exploitation of natural resources can strengthen rebels’ “power to resist” the government, but this depends on how rebels earn funding from those resources. Distinguishing between the extortion and smuggling of natural resources, we posit that smuggling in particular is more likely to give rebels the flexibility and mobility needed to effectively resist government repression. We then test this proposition empirically using new data that identify not only whether rebels profit from resources but also how they do so. We find that only when rebels smuggle natural resources do civil conflicts last significantly longer. In contrast, conflicts in which rebel groups earn money from extorting natural resource production are not significantly more likely to endure. This finding is of special interest because past work has largely ignored how rebels earn income from natural resources and the implication this distinction might have on conflict processes.

Disappearing natural resources: what flowers tell us about new value chains

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Carton ◽  
Julia Parigot
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Natural Resource Exploitation ◽  
Natural Resource Depletion

Purpose This paper aims to question the capacity of firms embedded in global value chains to manage their natural resources in a sustainable way. Thus, it offers guidelines for more sustainable value chains. Design/methodology/approach While business strategies have focused on optimizing natural resource exploitation and on constructing global value chains to face sustainability issues, this study first explains why these strategies are not effective in preventing natural resource depletion. Second, it offers a model for anticipating resource depletion. The cut flower industry constitutes a central case to explain the model. Two other industry cases complement the demonstration. Findings To anticipate natural resource depletion and thus improve industry sustainability, firms must shift from the exploitation of endangered natural resources to the use of alternative local ones. This shift, however, encourages firms to reconstruct value chains and rethink how they create value within these new value chains. It also has an impact on firms’ growth strategy: they must replicate value chains on a local scale instead of taking part in global value chains. Research limitations/implications The findings rely on illustrations from the cut flower, fishing and textile fiber industries. Generalization to other industries may strengthen the argument. Originality/value This study offers a model of sustainable growth for firms willing to anticipate natural resource depletion by offering a shift in value chains. It consists of exploiting alternative natural resources and of rethinking the value offered to consumers. Thus, it goes against current models that merely focus on optimizing natural resource exploitation within global value chains.

Natural Resource Exploitation and Sexual Violence by Rebel Groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 702-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Elise Whitaker ◽  
James Igoe Walsh ◽  
Justin Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Natural Resource Exploitation

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of natural resources and conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205316801881823 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O’Brochta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Effect ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
Natural Resource Wealth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Variable Measurement

The relationship between natural resource wealth and civil conflict remains unclear, despite prolonged scholarly attention. Conducting a meta-analysis—a quantitative literature review—can help synthesize this broad and disparate field to provide clearer directions for future research. Meta-analysis tools determine both the aggregate effect of natural resources on conflict and whether any particular ways in which variables are measured systematically bias the estimated effect. I conduct a meta-analysis using sixty-nine studies from sixty-two authors. I find that there is no aggregate relationship between natural resources and conflict. Most variation in variable measurement does not alter the estimated effect. However, measuring natural resource wealth using Primary Commodity Exports and including controls for mountainous terrain and ethnic fractionalization all do significantly impact the results. These findings suggest that it may be worth exploring more nuanced connections between natural resources and conflict instead of continuing to study the overall relationship.

scholarly journals When Disasters Hit Civil Wars: Natural Resource Exploitation and Rebel Group Resilience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutaka Tominaga ◽  
Chia-yi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Rebel Group

Abstract Existing literature on the relationship between natural disasters and conflicts provides mixed findings. In this article, we argue that whether natural disasters hurt rebel group resilience depends on their funding source and the mode of resource extraction. Rebel groups that obtain their funding from natural resources are more susceptible to natural disasters because this funding source could be easily disrupted by rapid-onset disasters. How rebel groups exploit natural resource wealth also conditions the effect of natural disasters on rebel group resilience. Rebel groups that depend on extorting resource production, despite having a seemingly stable revenue stream, are more likely to face funding cuts after a severe natural disaster. In contrast, rebel groups that rely on smuggling natural resources, due to a higher level of flexibility and mobility, are more likely to survive natural disasters. We test our arguments using data on armed groups, natural disasters, and rebel contraband, and the results of the logit models with interaction terms support our hypotheses. Our findings bridge the environmental conflict literature and the resource curse literature, and offer important policy implications.

PRESERVING AND PROMOTING LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND NATURAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION AND USE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINOUS REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Thi Thanh Minh
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Mountainous Region ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Natural Resource Exploitation

Ethnic minorities in the Northern Mountainous Region not only use the application of scientific-technological advances but also experiences of the community to enhance production efficiency and environmental protection. Local knowledge (TTDP) of ethnic minorities is useful for environmental protection and natural resource exploitation & use. These are environmental & weather knowledge; farming experiences on sloping and forestry land; knowledge about environmental protection and natural resource exploitation & use especially how to protect precious resources by specific rules/regulations of customary law. In the context of declining natural resources, TTDP is eroded, captured, or illegally exploited. There should be measures in order to preserve and promote TTDP as well as raise the awareness of the community about its important role.

Application of Quantitative Methods in Natural Resource Management in Africa

2013 ◽  
pp. 205-234
Author(s):  
Elias T. Ayuk ◽  
William M. Fonta ◽  
Euphrasie B. Kouame
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Preservation ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Natural Resource Base ◽  
Quantitative Approaches

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)’s natural resource base constitutes the sub-continent’s greatest asset. These Natural Resources (NRs), both renewable and non-renewable, are the backbone of the continent as they play very critical functions in the livelihood strategies of the people. There are a wide range of questions and issues concerning the proper management of these NRs. One of the issues relates to the economics of resource preservation, which includes questions associated with the quantifiable benefits of resource preservation, the environmental costs and benefits of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) strategies, the economic impact of land use changes, and valuation of ecosystem goods and services. The other issue concerns the ecosystem and economic system interaction. Particular themes of interest are the co-management of natural resources, trans-boundary natural resource management, and the management of resources to reconcile revenue generation, social development, and environmental services of natural resources. This chapter reviews the literature on quantitative approaches that have been undertaken to enhance the understanding of selected Natural Resource Management (NRM) problems on the continent. The review suggests that a wide range of quantitative approaches have been applied in the context of the African resource economics literature, but this review also identifies some specific areas that have received little attention.

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