scholarly journals The experience of drowning

2021 ◽  
pp. 002581722110531
Author(s):  
Michael Tipton ◽  
Hugh Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Subjective Responses ◽  
Pain And Suffering

Internationally, drowning is a leading cause of accidental death that features in many legal cases. In these cases, possible mitigations and the ‘pain and suffering’ in terms of the duration and subjective experience of drowning are often pivotal in determining levels of compensation and outcome. As a result, there is a requirement to understand the stages of the drowning process, and the duration and physiological and subjective responses associated with each stage. In this short review we focus on these issues.

Clinical Update: Pain and Suffering

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
Sheila Wendler
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Personal Injury ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Medical Expenses ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
Pain Behaviors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Patient’S Experience ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
And Training

Abstract Attorneys use the term pain and suffering to indicate the subjective, intangible effects of an individual's injury, and plaintiffs may seek compensation for “pain and suffering” as part of a personal injury case although it is not usually an element of a workers’ compensation case. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, provides guidance for rating pain qualitatively or quantitatively in certain cases, but, because of the subjectivity and privateness of the patient's experience, the AMA Guides offers no quantitative approach to assessing “pain and suffering.” The AMA Guides also cautions that confounders of pain behaviors and perception of pain include beliefs, expectations, rewards, attention, and training. “Pain and suffering” is challenging for all parties to value, particularly in terms of financial damages, and using an individual's medical expenses as an indicator of “pain and suffering” simply encourages excessive diagnostic and treatment interventions. The affective component, ie, the uniqueness of this subjective experience, makes it difficult for others, including evaluators, to grasp its meaning. Experienced evaluators recognize that a myriad of factors play a role in the experience of suffering associated with pain, including its intensity and location, the individual's ability to conceptualize pain, the meaning ascribed to pain, the accompanying injury or illness, and the social understanding of suffering.

scholarly journals Victimology’s debt to Nils Christie: The outlasting legacy of a free thinker

Temida ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-242
Author(s):  
Ezzat Fattah
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Mental Images

The tragic accidental death of Nils Christie was a huge loss to the scholarly worlds of criminology and victimology. An old dear friend and highly esteemed colleague, Christie has been hailed as one of the most innovative criminological thinkers of the 20th century. He left an outlasting legacy to both criminology and victimology. His contributions are characterized by their creativity, their originality and their clarity. To remedy what he saw as a terrible injustice done to crime victims he outlined a court procedure that restores the participants? right to their own conflict, a procedure that provided the theoretical underpinnings of the restorative justice movement. He drew attention to the fact that victimization is not an objectively defined phenomenon but is a personal, relative and highly subjective experience. He insisted that mental images of those subjected to the same victimizing act could be and usually are quite varied. Criminology and victimology owe much to Nils Christie. The present article briefly highlights just a few of his significant contributions.

scholarly journals Unraveling the Mystery of Canavan Disease: A 100 Year Chronicle of Key Events

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Canavan Disease ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Northeastern Europe

In the early 1900’s, in a small geographical region in northeastern Europe, a mysterious early-onset human malady was brought to the attention of physicians. In this disease, children appeared normal at birth and met usual developmental milestones up to the age of about 4-5 months. At that time, infants began to lose muscle tone and could no longer control their head movements. The disease was progressive, and by age 2, characterized by enlargement of the head, spastic responses to stimulation, and a general listlessness. By age 3, blindness was apparent and there was extension and posturing of limbs due to uncontrolled muscle contractions. Death usually occurred between ages 3-4. In large family’s common at that time, there could be 2-3 afflicted children out of a total of 8-9 siblings. There is no metric to measure pain and suffering of CD children, but we can measure progress made over the past century in solving the mystery. At the present time, there are great expectations that a human cure is possible since a mouse model of CD was recently shown to be completely cured by an unusual genetic engineering outcome. In this short review are chronicled key findings made over the past 100 + years that have led to identification of the genetic and cellular etiology of CD, and the reasons for such encouragement.

scholarly journals Figuring out the figurative: Individual differences in literary metaphor comprehension

Psihologija ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-415
Author(s):  
Ana Altaras-Dimitrijevic ◽  
Marija Tadic
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Literary Metaphor ◽  
The Relationship

This paper explores the cognitive and affective-conative correlates of metaphor comprehension. We first introduce the concept of metaphor by describing its essential features and functions. Then, we give a short review of key findings derived from cognitive and developmental studies of metaphor comprehension. Finally, we discuss individual differences in metaphoric skill and sensitivity and present the results of an empirical investigation in which we sought to determine the relationship between literary metaphor comprehension, the subjective experience of metaphors and the readers? verbal intelligence and personality traits. On the basis of our research findings, it is argued that metaphoric ability represents a central facet of intelligence and that the Test of Literary Metaphor Comprehension designed in our study may be viewed as a valid measure of verbal ability. .

Vernon Lees Theorie der ästhetischen Erfahrung: Grenzgänge der Empathie

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Brosch
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Visual Art ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Aesthetic Theory ◽  
Subjective Responses ◽  
Vernon Lee ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Current Shift ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
A Current

AbstractThe enormously prolific and diverse writer Vernon Lee (Violet Paget) has recently been rediscovered in English literary and cultural studies. However, her elision from art history remains to be corrected. This article reconsiders Lee’s theory of the beautiful which she referred to as »psychological aestheticism«. In the light of recent developments in aesthetic theory Lee’s ideas unfold considerable potential: their utilization of a concept of empathy inherent in subjective responses to art ties in with a current shift towards processual and performative evaluations of art rather than static and normative ones. Lee came very close to today’s understanding of visual art by locating symbolic meaning in subjective experience and thus opening up an entire range of spatial, psychological, emotional and communicative aspects of spectatorship pertinent to analysis. These aspects she developed in a more playful manner in her literary works. My article reads the ekphrastic encounter in one of Lee’s fantastic stories from her collection Hauntings as a negotiation of Lee’s aesthetic theory, concluding that her advanced ideas deconstructed an idealistic and implicitly hierarchical understanding of art.

How do memory modules differentially contribute to familiarity and recollection?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olya Hakobyan ◽  
Sen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Memory Modules ◽  
Familiarity And Recollection ◽  
Memory Contents

Abstract We fully support dissociating the subjective experience from the memory contents in recognition memory, as Bastin et al. posit in the target article. However, having two generic memory modules with qualitatively different functions is not mandatory and is in fact inconsistent with experimental evidence. We propose that quantitative differences in the properties of the memory modules can account for the apparent dissociation of recollection and familiarity along anatomical lines.

Pollutant Identification by Selected Area Electron Diffraction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 532-533
Author(s):  
R. E. Ferrell ◽  
G. G. Paulson ◽  
C. W. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Multiple Component

Selected area electron diffraction (SAD) has been used successfully to determine crystal structures, identify traces of minerals in rocks, and characterize the phases formed during thermal treatment of micron-sized particles. There is an increased interest in the method because it has the potential capability of identifying micron-sized pollutants in air and water samples. This paper is a short review of the theory behind SAD and a discussion of the sample preparation employed for the analysis of multiple component environmental samples.

POPDC proteins and cardiac function

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brand
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
And Function

Abstract The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein–protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.

Assessing the Impact of Suicide Exclusion Periods on Life Insurance

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Yip ◽  
David Pitt ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xueyuan Wu ◽  
Ray Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Suicidal Death ◽  
Insured Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insurance Data ◽  
The Relationship

Background: We study the impact of suicide-exclusion periods, common in life insurance policies in Australia, on suicide and accidental death rates for life-insured individuals. If a life-insured individual dies by suicide during the period of suicide exclusion, commonly 13 months, the sum insured is not paid. Aims: We examine whether a suicide-exclusion period affects the timing of suicides. We also analyze whether accidental deaths are more prevalent during the suicide-exclusion period as life-insured individuals disguise their death by suicide. We assess the relationship between the insured sum and suicidal death rates. Methods: Crude and age-standardized rates of suicide, accidental death, and overall death, split by duration since the insured first bought their insurance policy, were computed. Results: There were significantly fewer suicides and no significant spike in the number of accidental deaths in the exclusion period for Australian life insurance data. More suicides, however, were detected for the first 2 years after the exclusion period. Higher insured sums are associated with higher rates of suicide. Conclusions: Adverse selection in Australian life insurance is exacerbated by including a suicide-exclusion period. Extension of the suicide-exclusion period to 3 years may prevent some “insurance-induced” suicides – a rationale for this conclusion is given.

The Role of Distress Disclosure Tendencies in the Experience and Expression of Laboratory-Induced Sadness

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Kahn ◽  
Daniel W. Cox ◽  
A. Myfanwy Bakker ◽  
Julia I. O’Loughlin ◽  
Agnieszka M. Kotlarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Distress Disclosure ◽  
Computerized Text Analysis

Abstract. The benefits of talking with others about unpleasant emotions have been thoroughly investigated, but individual differences in distress disclosure tendencies have not been adequately integrated within theoretical models of emotion. The purpose of this laboratory research was to determine whether distress disclosure tendencies stem from differences in emotional reactivity or differences in emotion regulation. After completing measures of distress disclosure tendencies, social desirability, and positive and negative affect, 84 participants (74% women) were video recorded while viewing a sadness-inducing film clip. Participants completed post-film measures of affect and were then interviewed about their reactions to the film; these interviews were audio recorded for later coding and computerized text analysis. Distress disclosure tendencies were not predictive of the subjective experience of emotion, but they were positively related to facial expressions of sadness and happiness. Distress disclosure tendencies also predicted judges’ ratings of the verbal disclosure of emotion during the interview, but self-reported disclosure and use of positive and negative emotion words were not associated with distress disclosure tendencies. The authors present implications of this research for integrating individual differences in distress disclosure with models of emotion.

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