Citizens’ Revolution and International Integration

Can a country with an open economy tending toward reprimarization achieve a form of integration into the global economy other than the one determined by Latin America’s historical dependency? Dependency has created trade and technological gaps, among them the one generated by the physical balance (exporting more than is imported). In Ecuador, the Citizens’ Revolution government is attempting to overcome these structural problems by rejecting free-trade agreements and foreign investment that could yield negative balances or threaten national sovereignty. Its new productive model is based on the development of basic industry, the selective replacement of imports, and an intelligent diversification of the exportable supply. The idea is to achieve a society based more on producing services, less dependent on the extraction of natural resources, and with greater generation capacity in science, technology, and innovation. Although the plan faces an adverse international order, it could benefit from the new moment of political and financial integration in Latin America. ¿Puede un país con una economía abierta y una tendencia a la reprimarización lograr una forma de integración en la economía mundial que no esté determinada por la dependencia histórica de Latinoamérica? La dependencia ha creado brechas en el comercio y la tecnología, incluyendo aquella generada por el equilibrio fiscal (exportando más de lo que se importa). En Ecuador, el gobierno de la Revolución Ciudadana intenta superar estos problemas estructurales al rechazar los acuerdos de libre comercio e inversión extranjera que podrían producir saldos negativos o amenazar la soberanía nacional. Su nuevo modelo productivo se basa en el desarrollo de la industria básica, la sustitución selectiva de importaciones, y una inteligente diversificación de la oferta exportable. La idea es lograr una sociedad que se base preponderantemente en la producción de servicios, dependa menos de la extracción de recursos naturales, y tenga mayor capacidad de generación en las áreas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación. Aunque el plan se enfrenta a un orden internacional adverso, podría beneficiarse del nuevo momento de integración política y económica en América Latina.

Download Full-text

Higher Education Management in Ecuador

Green World Journal ◽

10.53313/gwj43001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 001

Author(s):

Santiago Del-Castillo ◽

Leo Ramos ◽

Demmy Mora-Silva

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Academic Learning ◽

Higher Education Management ◽

Education Management ◽

Science Technology ◽

Socioeconomic System ◽

Secondary Stage ◽

The One ◽

Education Science ◽

Science Technology And Innovation

Higher education is the last phase of the academic learning process, that is, the one that comes after the secondary stage. It is provided at universities, colleges or technical training academies. The education offered by higher education is at the professional level. The objective of the study was to analyze the management of Higher Education in the country and to describe the main activities of the institutions linked to these activities. The main results indicate that three institutions are the protagonists in management. The Secretariat of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT), the Council for Quality Assurance in Education (CACES) and the Council of Higher Education (CES). Higher education is one of the main drivers of societal evolution. Investing in education is vital to ensure a prosperous and competitive socioeconomic system. Higher education has a high responsibility to society: they are responsible for preparing the professionals of the future.

Download Full-text

La collaboration scientifique et technologique en Amérique du Nord : un point de vue Canadien

Études internationales ◽

10.7202/703167ar ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 269-296

Author(s):

Charles H. David ◽

Paul Dufour ◽

Janet Halliwell

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Open Economy ◽

North American ◽

Small Open Economy ◽

Innovation System ◽

The United States ◽

Technology And Innovation ◽

Continental Scale ◽

Science Technology ◽

Science Technology And Innovation

Canada, as a country with a small, open economy, faces the immediate challenge of learning to shape dynamic comparative advantage in the emerging international economy. About 75 % of Canada's trade linkages are with the United States, and a very large component of the Canadian experience of « globalization » is driven by North American economic integration. This integration is taking place in the absence of institutions and policy mechanisms to promote and manage science, technology, and innovation relations on a continental scale. Bilateral s & T arrangements centered on the United States presently characterize the North American innovation System. Circumstances in North America pose three sets of challenges to Canadian s & T policy. 1) Science and technology are increasing in importance in international trade, environmental, and social/cultural matters. This means that Canada must learn to improve its management of an increasingly internationalized domestic s & T System. 2) Canada must cultivate mutually beneficial bilateral s & T relationships with its two partners in NAFTA, Mexico and the United States. 3) Canada must identify where its interests lie in the development and governance of trilateral and international rules and arrangements for science, technology, and innovation.

Download Full-text

RETOS Y PERSPECTIVAS DE LA GESTIÓN EMPRESARIAL EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y MÉXICO

Hitos de Ciencias Económico Administrativas ◽

10.19136/hitos.a0n58.968 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (58) ◽

pp. 121-128

Author(s):

José Félix García Rodríguez ◽

Luis Arturo Méndez Olán

Keyword(s):

Global Economy ◽

Economic Recession ◽

Free Movement ◽

Free Markets ◽

Main Determinant ◽

Goods And Services ◽

The World ◽

America Latina ◽

The One ◽

Economic And Financial Crisis

RESUMEN: La gestión empresarial, entendida como la actividad emprendida con el propósito de mejorar la productividad y la competitividad, así como asegurar la sustentabilidad de la empresa, enfrenta importantes retos y desafíos. Por un lado, la actividad empresarial debe desarrollarse en el entorno de la economía global, caracterizada por el libre comercio de bienes y servicios, así como la libre circulación de capitales financieros. Por otra parte, la libre circulación de capitales es el principal determinante de una amplia volatilidad e inestabilidad en los mercados financieros globales, lo que ejerce una gran influencia sobre la situación económica de un país y su actividad empresarial. Ello quedó plenamente demostrado con la crisis económica y financiera de 2008, cuyas consecuencias recesivas aún se manifiestan en la mayoría de los países del mundo. Así, como consecuencia de la recesión económica de 2008, millones de personas en todo el mundo perdieron sus hogares y sus empresas, y muchas de ellas se empobrecieron. No era eso lo esperado en el mundo de los negocios y las finanzas. La teoría económica neoliberal, con su fe en el libre mercado y en la globalización, había prometido prosperidad para todos. Se suponía que la Nueva Economía, con sus sorprendentes innovaciones financieras -como son la desregulación y la ingeniería financiera- traería consigo el fin de los ciclos económicos, crecimiento y bienestar. Si en el mundo desarrollado las consecuencias fueron desastrosas, en América Latina provocaron una verdadera emergencia económica y social. ABSTRACT: The business management, understood as the activity undertaken in order to improve productivity and competitiveness, and ensure sustainability of the company, faces significant challenges and challenges. On the one hand, businesses must develop in the environment of the global economy, characterized by free trade in goods and services and the free movement of financial capital. Moreover, the free movement of capital is the main determinant of a wide volatility and instability in global financial markets, which exerts great influence on the economic situation of a country and its business. This was fully demonstrated by the economic and financial crisis of 2008, whose recessionary consequences still evident in most countries. So, as a result of the economic recession of 2008, millions of people around the world lost their homes and businesses, and many of them were impoverished. That was not expected in the world of business and finance. The neoliberal economic theory, with its faith in free markets and globalization, had promised prosperity for all. It was assumed that the New Economy, with its surprising, as financial innovation and deregulation are financially engineering would bring to business cycles, growth and welfare. If I developed were disastrous in the world, in Latin America provoked a genuine economic and social emergency.

Download Full-text

Global Economy and Turkey: 2016 and Beyond

International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2016 ◽

10.36880/c07.01815 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Durmuş Yılmaz

Keyword(s):

Open Economy ◽

Capital Flows ◽

Global Economy ◽

Emerging Market ◽

Commodity Prices ◽

High Growth ◽

International Standards ◽

Business Community ◽

Structural Problems ◽

Industrial Sectors

Irrespective of whether advanced economies (AEs) or emerging market economies (EMEs), the number one problem of the global economy is not being able to generate a satisfactory growth. Income levels is in some countries are barely above the per-crisis level. Despite ample liquidity due to quantitative monetary policies, consumption and investment demands are weak. Because high level of indebtedness deter economic agents from using credit. Credit markets still do not function well either. Quantitative easing policies have been successful in containing further deterioration. Despite ample liquidity inflation has not risen, but it did delivered the expected growth. Because banking system in AEs is weak and monetary transmission mechanisms are not functioning well. As for EMEs, commodity prices and World trade appears to be weak; economic growth are slowing down, capex is visibly falling in heavy industrial sectors due to already existing excess capacity. The academia as well as the business community are worried about the appropriateness of the present policies in case another recession comes, central banks will have little ammunition to deal with it. The option being talked of now is what is dubbed as “helicopter Money”. Turkey being an open economy, has been and will be effected by the developments in the global economy through trade, capital flows and expectation channels. By international standards, Turkey have a reasonable growth rate of 3 to 4 %, implying a new growth era where high growth cycle ended due to changing global financial conditions and its structural problems. Future growth performance will depend on the level of investments and savings to finance it. As her own saving is low, foreign capital flows is crucial. High inflation and interest rate are the two negatives, but it has a strong fiscal position, debt / GDP is 32.3%, the budget is almost balanced, producing primary surplus which proved it is resilience in the face of recent failed coup and the negative attitudes displayed by the rating agencies.

Download Full-text

Science, Technology, and Innovation Status in Iran: Main Challenges

Science Technology and Society ◽

10.1177/0971721819873192 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 545-578

Author(s):

Ata Heshmati ◽

Seyed Mehran Dibaji

Keyword(s):

Global Economy ◽

Innovation System ◽

Scientific Performance ◽

Technology And Innovation ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

Policy Structure ◽

Science Technology ◽

Knowledge Based Economy ◽

The Status ◽

Science Technology And Innovation

Announcing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), a historic agreement dissolving international sanctions against Iran has raised hopes for Iranians to restore their role in the global economy, which could lead to a significant change in the status of the national science, technology, and innovation system. This article discusses the changes in policy structure and the impacts of the sanctions on Iran’s scientific performance. We shall also examine the past intensive increasing trend and some recent drawbacks in science and technology outputs of Iran in terms of various scientometric and innovation-oriented indicators. We aim to show how the emerging opportunities can transform Iran’s economy into a knowledge-based economy and what challenges this country is facing to reach this goal.

Download Full-text