Social Movement Consolidation and Strategic Shifts: The Brazilian Landless Movement during the Lula and Dilma Administrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-222
Author(s):  
Anthony Pahnke
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Support Programs ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Small Farmer ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Landless Movement ◽  
Leadership And Organization ◽  
Ambiguous Position

During the center-left Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers’ Party—PT) governments of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2002–2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016), the Brazilian Landless Movement took advantage of particular governmental changes—increased access to education, improved small-farmer support programs, and expanded agrarian reform development policies—to strengthen its leadership and organization. Instead of expanding, the movement turned inward to address internal weaknesses. It benefited from the PT’s ambiguous position with respect to the politics of agrarian reform. Since each administration dedicated considerable resources to public policies that the movement favored, neither government engaged in significant land redistribution. Durante los gobiernos de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2002–2010) y Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016), ambos pertenecientes al centro-izquierdista Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), el Movimiento Brasileño Sin Tierra aprovechó cambios gubernamentales particulares, como mejores programas de apoyo a los pequeños agricultores, mejor acceso a la educación y políticas ampliadas para el desarrollo de reformas agrarias, para fortalecer su liderazgo y organización. En lugar de expandirse, el movimiento se tornó hacia sí mismo para abordar debilidades internas. Se benefició de la posición ambigua del PT con respecto a las políticas de reforma agraria. Y dado que ambas administraciones dedicaron considerables recursos a políticas públicas favorecidas por el movimiento, ninguno se abocó a supervisar una redistribución significativa de la tierra.

scholarly journals Inclusão, educação superior e educação do/no campo: o PRONERA no contexto do capital

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (esp. 2) ◽  
pp. 1068-1092
Author(s):  
Carina Elisabeth Maciel ◽  
Celia Beatriz Piatti ◽  
Gisele da Rocha Souza
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Rural Education ◽  
Education Program ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
National Education ◽  
Land Struggle

This article aims to analyze the National Education Program on Agrarian Reform - PRONERA - as a higher education program that aims at inclusion at this level of education, but that finds resistance in the characteristics of a system that does not allow everyone access to education. This program is identified as State policy that has been maintained for 21 years, through clashes, struggles and demands, in opposition to the logic of plastered rural education, and proposes an emancipating, decolonizing education. The research is of bibliographic and documentary nature and, to subsidize the analyzes made, we resort to authors who reflect on the land struggle and agrarian reform, Rural Education, Alternation Pedagogy, Higher Education, in order to dialogue with Mészaros and Demir on the structural crisis of capital and its implications for rural education, with a focus on PRONERA. It is concluded that the inclusion policies made possible the development of PRONERA, but they maintain the neoliberal logic as structuring of this Program that, having as mentor an ultra-neoliberal government, has its principles shaken by the lack of resources and the prioritization of a privatized and meritocratic.

From Desamortization to Agrarian Reform in Mexico, 1856–1940

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Tortolero Villaseñor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas

The first phase of the development of land tenure in Mexico, from the desamortization laws in 1856 to agrarian reform, was completed in 1940 by the Lázaro Cárdenas administration. While between 1856 and 1910 property reforms served to concentrate land and stimulate latifundio, from the violent Mexican Revolution of 1910–1917 until 1992 a policy of social justice was implemented that sought to give land to peasant families, thereby generating a better distribution of land, though without improving its productivity. This signifies that if postrevolutionary modernity assumed, echoing neo-institutionalism or old trends such as positivism or regeneracionismo, that land redistribution was a necessary condition to generate economic growth, in reality it was the social dimension and not the economic that gave character to Mexican agrarian reform between 1920 and 1992. As a backdrop to this, the analysis of literature and history shows a truncated and limited agrarian reform in which traditional figures such as the cacique persisted. The traditional and official vision of the agrarian reform is misguided, in which it is understood as a product of restitutive justice, the result of peasants regaining the lands from which they had been evicted due to the desamortization laws and the greed of landowners hungry for land who had annexed the land of the pueblos. To the contrary, agrarian reform is distributive, allocating land to peasants who requested it, while the hacienda was not the source of all the evils that gave rise to the revolution. Nor can the situation of the Mexican countryside be portrayed as the fight of the peones against the hacendados or caciques hungry for land. This erroneous vision of the Mexican countryside should be demystified, because it does not take into account that agrarian reform became the touchstone to give an agrarian nature to a very diversified Mexican Revolution and convert it into an instrument for the postrevolutionary governments to champion the peasant struggle in 20th-century Mexico, becoming the key to economic growth and social justice in the rural Mexican world.

Revisiting Agrarian Reform in Brazil, 1985–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilder Robles
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
Capital Intensive

This article examines Brazil’s experience in agrarian reform from 1985 to 2016. After more than three decades of agrarian reform, Brazil remains a country with highly skewed landownership. Peasant-led agrarian reform efforts have had limited impact in changing this situation. Agrarian reform remains an unfulfilled political promise, and this situation continues to create tensions and conflicts in the countryside. The main reason for the persistence of skewed land concentration is the State’s support of agribusiness. Successive post-1985 democratic governments have encouraged the opening of new agricultural frontiers by providing generous economic incentives. Land redistribution has been offset by further land possession; that is, the expansion of small-scale agricultural farming has been counterbalanced by the expansion of large-scale, capital intensive agriculture. Agribusiness has not only undermined agrarian reform efforts but has also generated a growing dependency on a socially and environmentally destructive monoculture agricultural economy. Moreover, Brazil’s current political and economic crisis has further undermined the struggle for agrarian reform.

Desain Reforma Agraria Inklusif untuk Program Keluarga Harapan dan Kaum Difabel di Kabupaten Kediri

Tunas Agraria ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fajar Hidayat ◽  
Ahmad Nashih Luthfi ◽  
M Nazir Salim
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Land Use Rights

Abstract: Agrarian Reform according to Presidential Regulation Number 86 of 2018 is carried out through two stages, namely the Asset Reform and Access Reform and there is an expansion of the subject and object of the Agrarian Reform. The research was conducted to design an inclusive Agrarian Reform design that combines Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) and diffable people as subjects and former land use rights in Sempu Village, Ngancar District, Kediri Regency as its object. The research is aimed at (1) knowing the primary need of PKH and diffable people; (2) creating the design of inclusive Agrarian Reform for PKH and diffable people; (3) describing the involvement of stakeholders and community participation in supporting the design; and (4) identifying the existing constraints in the making of the design. The method used was descriptive qualitative using a rationalistic approach. The results showed that PKH and diffable people need to improve the quality of life through economy, education, health, and social welfare. There are 52 plots of land that will be used as designs for land use, namely agricultural and non-agricultural land. This design is expected to be a new idea in the completion of the Agrarian Reform starting from the asset reform through the granting of corporate and individual rights with land redistribution followed by access reform involving stakeholder’s synergy.Keywords: agrarian reform, family of hope, diffable, inclusive Intisari: Reforma Agraria menurut Peraturan Presiden Nomor 86 Tahun 2018 dilaksanakan melalui dua tahapan yaitu penataan aset dan penataan akses serta terdapat perluasan subjek dan objek didalamnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat desain Reforma Agraria inklusif yang menggabungkan Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) dan kaum difabel sebagai subjek dan tanah negara bekas hak guna usaha di Desa Sempu, Kecamatan Ngancar, Kabupaten Kediri sebagai objeknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui kebutuhan utama PKH dan difabel; (2) membuat desain Reforma Agraria inklusif untuk PKH dan difabel; (3) menggambarkan keterlibatan stakeholder sekaligus partisipasi masyarakat dalam mendukung desain ini; serta (4) mengidentifikasi kendala apa yang akan terjadi di dalamnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan rasionalistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PKH dan difabel membutuhkan peningkatan kualitas hidup melalui ekonomi, pendidikan, kesehatan, dan kesejahteraan sosial. Terdapat 52 bidang tanah yang dijadikan desain penggunaan tanahnya yaitu pertanian dan nonpertanian. Desain ini diharapkan menjadi gagasan baru dalam penyelesaian Reforma Agraria mulai dari penataan aset melalui pemberian hak milik bersama dan perorangan dengan redistribusi tanah dilanjutkan dengan penataan akses yang melibatkan sinergi stakeholder.Kata kunci: reforma agraria, PKH, difabel, inklusif

Transforming Universities to Build a Movement

2019 ◽  
pp. 82-126
Author(s):  
Rebecca Tarlau
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Degree Program ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
National Program ◽  
Educational Vision ◽  
Movement Participation

Chapter 2 focuses on the MST’s most important educational program, the National Program for Education in Areas of Agrarian Reform (PRONERA), created in 1998 and put under the auspices of the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA). Through PRONERA the MST created its first university bachelor’s degree program, which enhanced activists’ political and technical capacities and integrated them into the movement. At the same time the MST’s educational vision repeatedly came into conflict with established educational norms, even in a university with progressive and supportive professors. The second part of the chapter analyzes the expansion of PRONERA and how its structure of triple governance within INCRA has allowed for ample social movement participation. In 2008, there was an explicit attack on this program, exemplifying that the institutionalization of social movement goals has to be constantly defended through contentious mobilization.

Kontribusi Redistribusi Tanah Terhadap Kenaikan Pendapatan Masyarakat di Jawa Tengah

Tunas Agraria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Restu Istiningdyah ◽  
Sutaryono Sutaryono ◽  
Wahyuni Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
Strategic Program ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reform Needs

Abstract: This research aims to determine the contribution of land redistribution activities carried out by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial/National Land Agency on Key Performance Indicators (IKU) which is compiled namely the percentage increase in income of people receiving agrarian reform. Data analysis is done by using spatial pattern to give description of distribution of land redistribution and contribution of land redistribution activity to IKU which have been prepared. The difference of formula applied in calculation of IKU cause unclear amount of contribution of a strategic program especially redistribution of land to IKU. Re-formulation of IKU is the percentage of increase in income of recipients of agrarian reform needs to be done so that the contribution of a strategic activity undertaken can be measured clearly. Keywords : contribution, land redistribution, Key Performance Indicators Intisari:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontribusi kegiatan redistribusi tanah yang dilaksanakan oleh Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Badan Pertanahan Nasional terhadap Indikator Kinerja Utama (IKU) yang disusun yaitu persentase kenaikan pendapatan masyarakat penerima reforma agraria. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan pola keruangan untuk memberikan gambaran sebaran pelaksanaan redistribusi tanah dan kontribusi kegiatan redistribusi tanah terhadap IKU yang telah disusun. Adanya perbedaan rumus yang diterapkan dalam perhitungan IKU menyebabkan ketidakjelasan besaran kontribusi suatu program strategis khususnya redistribusi tanah terhadap IKU. Perumusan ulang IKU yaitu persentase kenaikan pendapatan masyarakat penerima reforma agraria perlu dilakukan sehingga kontribusi suatu kegiatan strategis yang dilaksanakan dapat diukur dengan jelas.  Kata Kunci : Kontribusi, redistribusi tanah, Indikator Kinerja Utama

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