Transformation of the incomplete figure in young children

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Noda
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Rotation Effect ◽  
Geometric Figures ◽  
Geometric Conditions ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Feature Information ◽  
Contour Information

This study aims to examine the developmental changes in young children’s perception. A matching completion task consisting of three geometric figures and one bird-like figure were completed by children 3–5 years of age ( N = 99). The rotation effect, in which the correct response decreased with orientation (45°, 90° 135°, and 180°), was confirmed, except in one of the geometric conditions. We found that two factors were needed for a child to perform the bird-like completion task: clarification of the reference to each stimulus and awareness of the turning orientation. These studies suggest that the children processed the contour and feature information individually, and that the contour information was processed earlier than the feature information. We derived three criteria for sensitive information to resolve the task, contact, contour, and left-right. Findings are discussed with regard to the reference action and the part-whole relationship.

Reinforcement Schedule, Intertrial Activity, and Verbal Operant Conditioning

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1037-1040
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. David ◽  
T. E. Dielman
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Conditioning Situation ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Verbal Operant

An investigation of the effect of different reinforcement schedules (RS) upon conditioning and awareness in a verbal operant conditioning situation (VOC). 40 Ss were given Taffel's sentence-completion task with one-half of Ss given an intertrial color-naming task (ICN). Ss were placed on a 100%, 66%, 33%, or 0% RS for Trials 11–100, with no reinforcement given during Trials 101 to 150. The 100% and 66% RS groups showed conditioning of “I-we” responses ( p < .01) and a decrease in the correct response during extinction ( p < .01). The 33% RS group failed to condition ( p > .05). ICN had no effect upon VOC or awareness as measured by Dulany's post-conditioning interview ( p > .05).

Differential Use of Dimensions in Similarity and Preference Judgements among 4- to 6-Year-Olds

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rivka Itskowitz ◽  
Helen Strauss ◽  
Yigal Gross
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Developmental Trends ◽  
Geometric Figures ◽  
Similarity Judgement ◽  
Preference Task ◽  
Different Dimensions

The present study assessed developmental changes in the use of size, color, and shape considerations in similarity, judgement, and preference of geometric figures. 45 4-, 5-, and 6-yr.-old children were presented all possible pairs of geometric figures differing in shape (circle, triangle, and square), color (red or black), and size (small or big). Comparisons were analyzed by multidimensional scaling techniques. Children as young as four responded to the different dimensions but weighted them differently on the two tasks. Developmental trends appeared in use of given dimensions, primarily on the preference task.

Error Patterns in a Chord Keyboard Response Task

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Guest ◽  
M. E. Sime ◽  
T. R. G. Green
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Reaction Time Experiment ◽  
Error Response ◽  
Keyboard Response ◽  
Random Fashion ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Response Task

Errors in a serial choice-reaction time experiment employing two-finger chord responses to alphabetic stimuli are shown to be distributed in a significantly non-random fashion. Two factors are postulated which are relevant to prediction of the error response. These are the presence or absence of a common finger, and the difference in finger separation, between the actual and the required response. It is suggested that the chord response is coded in terms of a pattern (the distance between the two response components). Responses which mirror the correct response about the centre of the hand are also shown to be significantly more frequent.

scholarly journals Bi-Crypto: An Efficient System with Enhanced Security

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 959-963
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Smart Card ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Public Networks ◽  
Dynamic Id ◽  
Two Factors

A convenient two factor (2f) authentication is used in smart card password verification. Thus, the two factors are “dynamic ID-based” or “anonymous”. To preserve user privacy, a tamper resistant security feature used in smart cards. Reverse engineering and power analysis techniques were used to reveal some sensitive information from the smart card memory. The smart card verification is securely implemented in memory than in the database that can be easily attacked by any person. A day to day application such as e-banking, e-health and e-governance maintains password tables on server. During login process user identity is transmitted as clear over public networks. Various non-tamper resistant schemes on OTP put forward but claim to be ambitious in design process. Truly a 2f scheme can make sure that the user whoever possess a valid OTP and password can be authorized by the server.

Mexican Driver Comprehension of U.S. Traffic Control Devices

1998 ◽  
Vol 1628 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gene Hawkins ◽  
Dale L. Picha ◽  
Carlos A. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flash Cards ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Traffic Control Devices ◽  
Texas Border

The Mexican border areas of Texas possess many unique characteristics that are not present in other parts of the state. One of the most obvious is the prevalence of Spanish as the primary language. Another characteristic is the large number of drivers from Mexico. These two factors may limit the ability of border area drivers to understand traffic control devices. The research study was conducted to determine how well drivers from Mexico understand 33 of the more significant traffic control devices used in the United States and Texas. The survey utilized flash-cards with open-ended questions to assess comprehension levels. It was administered to northbound traffic with Mexican license plates at international bridges in two Texas border cities. Driver responses were recorded on audiotape and later separated into several categories, including “correct” and “partially correct.” The analysis of the responses indicate that, of the 45 questions that were asked about the 33 traffic control devices, approximately half (23) had correct and partially correct response rates of over 80 percent. Approximately a third (15) had correct response rates of over 80 percent. Many of the devices with lower comprehension levels among Mexican drivers are the same devices that have lower comprehension levels among Texas drivers.

scholarly journals Developmental differences in children’s and adults’ use of geometric information in map-reading tasks

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243845
Author(s):  
Yenny Otálora ◽  
Hernando Taborda-Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Geometric Information ◽  
Vector Length ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Object Relationships

Using maps effectively requires the ability to scale distances while preserving angle and orientation, the three properties of Euclidean geometry. The aim of the current study was twofold: first, to examine how the ability to represent and use these Euclidean properties changes with development when scaling maps in object-to-object relationships and, second, to explore the effects on the scaling performance of two variables of the array of objects, type of angular configuration and relative vector length. To this end, we tested seventy-five 4-, 6-, and 8-year-old children, as well as twenty-five adults, in a simple completion task with different linear and triangular configurations of objects. This study revealed important developmental changes between 4 and 6 years of age and between 8 years of age and adulthood for both distance and angle representation, while it also showed that the configuration variables affected younger and older children’s performances in different ways when scaling distances and preserving angles and orientation. This study was instrumental in showing that, from an early age, children are able to exploit an intrinsic system of reference to scale geometrical configurations of objects.

scholarly journals Children's production of verb-phrase anaphora in a spoken task

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
MORAG L. DONALDSON ◽  
LYNN S. M. COOPER
Keyword(s):  
Presentation Order ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Syntactic Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Completion Task

ABSTRACTTo investigate the influence of semantic/pragmatic variables on children's production of verb-phrase anaphora (VPA), a spoken sentence completion task (e.g. John is throwing a ball and … Mary is too) was administered to four-, seven- and ten-year-olds. The frequency of VPA production was affected by whether the two clauses had the same or different polarity and by whether the actions were portrayed as simultaneous or sequential. These effects interacted in complex ways with age and with the presentation order of the polarity types. We speculate that developmental changes in the influence of semantic/pragmatic factors may be linked to increases with age in the strength of syntactic priming effects.

Examining the effects of two factors on working memory maintenance of bound information in schizophrenia

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID LUCK ◽  
LISA BUCHY ◽  
MARTIN LEPAGE ◽  
JEAN-MARIE DANION
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Lower Performance ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Temporal Occurrence ◽  
Feature Information

AbstractIntegrating information in space and time is a central feature of episodic memory. Although disturbance of the binding processes in episodic memory is well established in patients with schizophrenia, data on working memory (WM) remain discrepant. In a change detection procedure, two target displays of pairs of letters located in cells of grid were successively presented. Participants attempted to detect changes in binding information (i.e., recombination of studied features) or feature information (i.e., a novel letter and/or a novel spatial location). Recombinations consisted of features belonging to the same display (intradisplay) or different displays (interdisplays). Results showed that patients demonstrated overall lower performance, with no specific deficit for recognizing bound information or feature information. In addition, patients did not demonstrate deficits for interdisplay recombinations or intradisplay recombinations. Patients’ ability to remember temporal occurrence of stimuli was not affected. Together, these results suggest that in patients with schizophrenia, binding processes in WM are not specifically disturbed. (JINS, 2009, 15, 597–605.)

Statistical Study of the Rotation Effect of Am Stars

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 675-683
Author(s):  
Keiichi Kodaira
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Study ◽  
Rotation Velocity ◽  
General View ◽  
Slow Rotation ◽  
Rotation Effect

SummaryExcess of [m1] index of Am stars, relative to normal stars, is statistically found to be correlated with rotation velocity; the coefficient is estimated at ∆׀m1׀ /∆V(km/sec) ˜ - 0.0007 among Am stars. This result supports the general view that slow rotation is essential for Am phenomena.

Spherulitic crystal growth in the prodissoconch larval of Crassostrea virginica

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 518-519
Author(s):  
George G. Cocks ◽  
Louis Leibovitz ◽  
DoSuk D. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Crystal Orientation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal Structure ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Initial Deposition

Our understanding of the structure and the formation of inorganic minerals in the bivalve shells has been considerably advanced by the use of electron microscope. However, very little is known about the ultrastructure of valves in the larval stage of the oysters. The present study examines the developmental changes which occur between the time of conception to the early stages of Dissoconch in the Crassostrea virginica(Gmelin), focusing on the initial deposition of inorganic crystals by the oysters.The spawning was induced by elevating the temperature of the seawater where the adult oysters were conditioned. The eggs and sperm were collected separately, then immediately mixed for the fertilizations to occur. Fertilized animals were kept in the incubator where various stages of development were stopped and observed. The detailed analysis of the early stages of growth showed that CaCO3 crystals(aragonite), with orthorhombic crystal structure, are deposited as early as gastrula stage(Figuresla-b). The next stage in development, the prodissoconch, revealed that the crystal orientation is in the form of spherulites.

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