Demographic Dimensions of Global Aging

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEVIN KINSELLA
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Health Trends ◽  
Institutional Responses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Global Aging

Population aging in the 20th century represents a human success story; for the first time in history, populations have the luxury of aging. Aging, however, also poses a myriad of challenges to public and private institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure. This article highlights national and regional similarities and differences in the global aging process, focusing on demographic and health trends that are likely to shape future institutional responses in the eldercare arena. Among the topics considered are the importance of past fertility patterns, changes in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, the feminization of later life, the growth of the “oldest old,” and changing national disease profiles associated with the epidemiological transition.

Institutions of Ancient Roman Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Capogrossi Colognesi
Keyword(s):  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Family Wealth ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
First Time

This chapter gives a rapid overview of the history of Roman public and private institutions, from their early beginning in the semi-legendary age of the kings to the later developments of the Imperial age. A turning point has been the passage from the kingdom to the republic and the new foundation of citizenship on family wealth, instead of the exclusiveness of clan and lineages. But still more important has been the approval of the written legislation of the XII Tables giving to all citizens a sufficient knowledge of the Roman legal body of consuetudinary laws. From that moment, Roman citizenship was identified with personal freedom and the rule of law. Following political and military success, between the end of IV and the first half of III century bce Rome was capable of imposing herself as the central power in Italy and the western Mediterranean. From that moment Roman hegemony was exercised on a growing number of cities and local populations, organized in the form of Roman of Latin colonies or as Roman municipia. Only in the last century bce were these different statutes unified with the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians. In this same period the Roman civil law, which was applied to private litigants by the Roman praetors, had become a very complex and sophisticated system of rules. With the empire the system did not change abruptly, although the Princeps did concentrate in his hands the last power of the judiciary and became the unique source of new legislation. In that way, for the first time, the Roman legal system was founded on rational and coherent schemes, becoming a model, which Antiquity transmitted to the late medieval Europe.

scholarly journals Assessing Terrorism Threats to New Zealand: The role of the Combined Threat Assessment Group

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Threat Level ◽  
Terrorism Threat ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time ◽  
Threat Assessments

This article has been produced by the Combined Threat Assessment Group (CTAG). It provides in detail, and publicly for the first time, a genuinely informed explanation for the origins and function of CTAG. It covers the nature and challenge of threat assessment, the methodology applied as well various iterations of the threat assessments that are undertaken. This leads on to an explanation of how New Zealand’s National Terrorism Threat Level is set. Overall, this article provides an informative and well-rounded explanation of the components that comprise the National Terrorism Threat Level and makes for essential reading for wider public service, academic, and security conscious public and private institutions across the country.

Computerized Legal Databases and Their Contents: Israel

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 201-207
Author(s):  
Eugenio I. Cuomo
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Legal Databases ◽  
First Time

The computer revolution in Israel began almost ten years ago, when computers for public use appeared for the first time in banks, challenging a very hesitant and embarassed public. After banks, other public and private institutions, especially financial institutions like insurance companies, the Stock Exchange and others, started producing databases for internal and external purposes.

The Paid and Unpaid Working Life Expectancy at 50 in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Ophir
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

Abstract Objectives Amid growing concerns about the economic implications of population aging and the sustainability of older adults’ working life, unpaid family care work receives less attention despite its direct relevance to population aging. This paper systematically compares the paid and unpaid working life expectancy at age 50 to understand the overlap and trade-off between paid and unpaid work among older European adults. Method Using data from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with the Sullivan method, the paper presents gender differences across 17 countries in life expectancy at age 50 at various paid (employment) and unpaid (caregiving) role configurations. Results When work is defined to include unpaid family caregiving, women and men have similar working life expectancies at age 50, in contrast to prior research. However, its paid and unpaid components are gendered. The results also show that at age 50, women are expected to spend similar number of years providing grandchild care and ADL/IADL care and that most of these years take place after retirement. Discussion The results highlight that the gendered tension between paid and unpaid work persists into older adulthood and needs to be accounted for in working life expectancy measures. The results also underscore the gendered implications of population aging and unpaid work in older adulthood for retirement age policies and strategies for promoting gender equality in later life.

Cohort Differences in Mortality and Morbidity

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (S1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Jagger ◽  
Kaare Christensen ◽  
Michael Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACTIn 1900 life expectancy at birth in the UK was only 46 years for men and 53 years for women. Just over a century later life expectancy at birth has increased by around 30 years and by 2007 had reached 77.5 years for men and 81.7 years for women. The population aged 85 years and over, often termed the ‘oldest old’, are now the fastest growing section of our population. For the 1921 cohort only 18% of men and a third of women reached the age of 85 years but for the 1951 birth cohort it is expected that almost half of men and 60% of women will achieve that age. The important question for health care planners and society is whether the large number of those who will reach 85 years in the future are similar in health characteristics to those attaining 85 years now.This question was addressed by substantive results and by methodological papers in the ‘Cohort’ theme of the Joining Forces on Mortality and Longevity conference in October 2009. Here we provide an overview of the papers, some of which are presented in full in this issue (see Murphy (2009), Di Cesare & Murphy (2009), O'Connell & Dunstan (2009), Forfar (2009)).

scholarly journals Trends of Physical Functioning, Morbidity, and Disability-Free Life Expectancy Among the Oldest Old: Six Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys Between 2001 and 2018 in the Vitality 90+ Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Enroth ◽  
Jani Raitanen ◽  
Pauliina Halonen ◽  
Kristina Tiainen ◽  
Marja Jylhä
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Physical Functioning ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽  
Adl Disability ◽  
Specific Health

Abstract Background It remains unclear whether increasing longevity is accompanied by a compression or expansion of poor health and disability. We examined trends of physical functioning and morbidity in a population aged 90 and older, and disease- and disability-free life expectancy (LE) at age 90 between 2001 and 2018 in Finland’s third most populated city. Methods We used survey data from the Vitality 90+ Study, which comprises a series of six repeated mailed surveys (7,590 observations). Information on mortality came from Statistics Finland. We examined trends of functioning (activities of daily living [ADL] and mobility) and cardiovascular and dementia morbidity using age-adjusted generalized estimating equation models stratified by sex. In addition, age-, sex-, and period-specific health expectancies were calculated using Sullivan’s method. Results Over time, functioning improved, especially, in women, and morbidity increased in men. From 2001 to 2018, LE at age 90 increased by 5.3 months for men and 6.4 months for women. LE without ADL disability increased by 5.0 months for men and 8.4 months for women, and LE without mobility disability by 6.0 months for men and 4.4 months for women. LE without cardiovascular and dementia morbidity decreased for men (2.6 months) and increased for women (1.9 months). Conclusions In relative terms, we found a compression of disability for both sexes and an expansion of morbidity for men. Although the trends overall are rather positive, the increase in absolute morbidity and, to some extent, in disability will inevitably mean increasing care needs with population aging.

scholarly journals Trends Over Two Decades in Life Expectancy With Complex Health Problems Among Older Swedes: Implications for The Provision of Integrated Medical and Social Care

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Meinow ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Domantas Jasilionis ◽  
Anna Oksuzyan ◽  
Louise Sundberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Health Expectancy ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Complex Health Problems

Abstract Background Due to population aging, it is essential to examine to what extent rises in life expectancy (LE) consist of healthy or unhealthy years. Most health expectancy studies have been based on single health measures and have shown divergent trends. We used a multi-domain indicator, complex health problems (CHP), indicative of the need for integrated medical and social care, to investigate how LE with and without CHP developed in Sweden between 1992 and 2011. We also addressed whether individuals with CHP more commonly lived in the community in 2011 compared to earlier years. Methods CHP were defined as having severe problems in at least two of three health domains related to the need for medical and/or social care: symptoms/diseases, cognition/communication, and mobility. The Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD), a nationally representative survey of the Swedish population aged ≥ 77 years with waves in 1992, 2002 and 2011 (n ≈ 2000), was used to estimate the prevalence of CHP. Age- and gender-specific death rates were obtained from the Human Mortality Database. The Sullivan method was deployed to calculate the remaining life expectancy with and without CHP. The estimates were decomposed to calculate the contribution of changes from morbidity and mortality to the overall trends in LE without CHP. Results Between 1992 and 2011, both total LE (+ 1.69 years [95% CI 1.56;1.83] and LE without CHP (+ 0.84 years [-0,87;2.55]) at age 77 increased for men, whereas LE at age 77 increased for women (+ 1.33 [1.21;1.47]) but not LE without CHP (-0.06 years [-1.39;1.26]). When decomposing the trend, we found that the increase in LE with CHP was mainly driven by an increase in the prevalence of CHP. Among individuals with CHP the proportion residing in residential care was lower in 2011 (37%) compared to 2002 (58%) and 1992 (53%).

Hospitalized Psychiatric Morbidity in the Republic of Ireland

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (506) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dermot Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
First Time

There seems little doubt from available statistics that the Republic of Ireland has the highest rate of hospitalized psychiatric morbidity in the world. There are no complete international figures available for this statistic but the World Health Organization published for the first time in 1961 returns for numbers of patients treated in hospital in 119 different countries (W.H.O. 1961). In many cases the returns were incomplete or unsatisfactory in one or more particulars. The ideal was to establish for each country the total number of patients treated during each one of the five years 1955–1959. The number treated was defined as “the patients present at the beginning of the year in the various public and private institutions specializing in psychiatry and in other institutions (general hospitals, etc.) plus admissions and readmissions during the year”. Unfortunately this ideal was achieved for only a minority of the 119 countries. The difficulties encountered in compiling the figures are set out in the publication itself.

The Russian Librarianship in Shanghai

2013 ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
Amir A. Khisamutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the history of librarianship in Shanghai in the Russian emigration community. For the first time there is described the activities of public and private libraries, and paid attention to the individuals who contributed to forming of these funds.

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