Gender Disparities in Parenting Time Across Activities, Child Ages, and Educational Groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 3006-3028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Veronica Negraia ◽  
Jennifer March Augustine ◽  
Kate Chambers Prickett
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Developmental Care ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Diary ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Changing Attitudes

Although gender gaps in parenting time endure for parents of young children, and in physical and developmental care, men’s changing attitudes toward egalitarian gender roles suggest that gender disparities in parenting time may have closed in some contexts: particularly, in other shared activities with children, when children are school aged or older, and among higher educated parents. We investigate these possibilities using weekday time diary data from a nationally representative survey of parents participating in the American Time Use Survey (2003-2014; N = 28,698). In contrast to our expectations, we find that the gender gap in parents’ time with children persists when children are older, and even grow for some activities; extend to several other forms of shared parent–child time; and is often largest for higher educated parents. At the same time, there are notable contexts in which the gaps disappear, although they encompass the most pleasant activities, and least intensive stages of parenting.

scholarly journals 0221 Late Meals, Sleep Duration, and Sleep Fragmentation: Findings From the American Time Use Survey

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A86-A86
Author(s):  
S Iao ◽  
K Shedden ◽  
E C Jansen ◽  
L M O’Brien ◽  
R D Chervin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Sleep Fragmentation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep hygiene recommendations discourage eating close to bedtime, though published data on the impact are not consistent. Associations between eating or drinking, within 1-hour prior to bedtime, sleep duration and sleep fragmentation were examined in a nationally-representative sample. Methods Data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), administered to a nationally representative sample of n=201,151 US residents aged ≥15 years were utilized. In an annual phone interview, ATUS participants were asked to record their activities during a 24-hour period (04:00am to 04:00am on the interview day) and were randomly selected to report weekdays or weekend activities. The present analysis included data from 2003–2018 and restricted to weekday respondents (n=124,242). Reporting of eating/drinking activities within 1-hour prior to bedtime was considered as a dichotomous variable (yes/no). Sleep fragmentation was defined as any awakening during the primary sleep episode (yes/no). Linear and logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, cohabitation, education and employment, were used to examine associations between eating/drinking and sleep duration or sleep fragmentation. Results In this ATUS sample, 56% of respondents were female and the mean age was 45 years. Mean sleep duration was 8.02 (0.007) hours, and 6% of survey participants ate/drank within 1-hour prior to bedtime. Overall, eating/drinking within 1-hour prior to bedtime was associated with longer sleep duration (p<0.01). Women and men who ate/drank within 1-hour prior to bedtime, in comparison to those who did not, had 35 minutes and 26 minutes longer sleep duration (p- value<0.0001) Eating/drinking activities within 1-hour prior to bedtime were associated with 1.8 higher odds of fragmented sleep (p<0.001). Conclusion In this large population-based survey, weekday eating or drinking within 1-hour prior to bedtime was associated with sleep fragmentation and longer sleep duration. Causal pathways would be difficult to discern, though sleep fragmentation could lead to compensatory increases in sleep duration. Support None

Gender Inequality in Housework: Persistence and Change by Partnership and Parenthood Status in the Early 2000s

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110317
Author(s):  
Shih-Yi Chao
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Couple Relationship ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Housework Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Parenthood Status

Heterosexual unions and parenthood are key contributors to gender inequality in housework. Over the last two decades, the social meaning of partnership and parenthood has changed. This study investigated whether this change in the narrative of partnership and parenthood status influenced changes in the housework gender gap. Using the American Time Use Survey 2003–2005 and 2013–2015, the findings show that housework gender gap was larger for people in a couple relationship than for singles. For nonparents, the gender gap in housework was no difference between those married and those cohabiting. Gender inequality in housework persisted among married parents but decreased among cohabiting parents, mainly because of the increase in cohabiting fathers’ housework time. These findings suggest a heterosexual union, particularly marriage, reproduces conventional gender roles. Men’s gendered behaviors were not uniform but diverse across partnership and parenthood status.

scholarly journals Flexplace Work and Partnered Fathers’ Time in Housework and Childcare

2021 ◽  
pp. 1097184X2110149
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Carlson ◽  
Richard J. Petts ◽  
Joanna R. Pepin
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Housework Time ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Using Data

Prior studies that show no association between fathers’ work flexibility and their domestic contributions suffer from measurement limitations and/or the lack of nationally representative data. Using data on fathers in different-sex partnerships (n = 1,956) from the 2017–2018 American Time Use Survey Leave Module, we examine three indicators (use, frequency of use and reason for use) of working from home—a work–family benefit is known as flexplace—and consider whether partners’ employment status moderates the association between flexplace and fathers’ time in domestic labor. Fathers who use flexplace benefits report more routine childcare, regardless of the reason for flexplace use or their partners’ employment status. The association between flexplace use and fathers’ housework time is conditional on their partners’ employment status and fathers’ rationale for working from home.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Perceived Health: Can Time Diary Measures of Momentary Well-Being Inform the Association?

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Hofferth ◽  
Sarah M. Flood ◽  
Deborah Carr ◽  
Yoonjoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Time Diary ◽  
Diary Data ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Actual Health

The association between physical activity and health is well documented, yet prior research has largely ignored the context of physical activity, including its specific type and the emotions experienced while engaged in that activity. This study used interview-based time diary data on 24,016 individuals who participated in the American Time Use Survey well-being modules in 2010, 2012, and 2013 to examine the associations between sedentary and moderately vigorous activities and self-reported health, and the extent to which momentary well-being modifies that association. Respondents who engaged in housework, leisure, or play with children reported better health whereas those who engaged in sedentary activity reported worse self-rated health. Respondents who spent more time in housework reported better health, but this was not the case for leisure or playing with children. Greater positive mood and fewer somatic symptoms while engaged in activity were associated with better self-rated health, with more consistent associations for symptoms than mood. Respondent reports of momentary well-being did not explain the link between activities and perceived or actual health.

scholarly journals Disparities in Alone Time: Using an Intersectional Framework to Examine Social Isolation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Jeanne Drotning
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Diary ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Socially Isolated

Over the last several decades, there has been an increase in the number of single person households which has implications for how much time people are spending alone and who is socially isolated. Using an intersectional framework, I examine how gender and race-ethnicity shape how much time people spend alone by analyzing time diary data from the American Time Use Survey, 2003-2018. Following McCall’s (2005) method of intercategorical intersectional analysis, I find that Black men spend the most time alone compared to seven other gender-race groups. I also find that marriage and employment have varying effects on how much time each group spends alone with Black men, unemployed persons, and older adults spending more time alone than other groups. This research highlights the importance of examining how much time people spend alone by both gender and race and identifies groups who may be at greater risk of social isolation due to disparate rates of time spent alone.

scholarly journals Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6154
Author(s):  
Michael Osei Mireku ◽  
Alina Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Variance Estimation ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Weighted Estimates ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Time Use Survey

The objective was to investigate the association between time spent on waking activities and nonaligned sleep duration in a representative sample of the US population. We analysed time use data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 2015–2017 (N = 31,621). National Sleep Foundation (NSF) age-specific sleep recommendations were used to define recommended (aligned) sleep duration. The balanced, repeated, replicate variance estimation method was applied to the ATUS data to calculate weighted estimates. Less than half of the US population had a sleep duration that mapped onto the NSF recommendations, and alignment was higher on weekdays (45%) than at weekends (33%). The proportion sleeping longer than the recommended duration was higher than those sleeping shorter on both weekdays and weekends (p < 0.001). Time spent on work, personal care, socialising, travel, TV watching, education, and total screen time was associated with nonalignment to the sleep recommendations. In comparison to the appropriate recommended sleep group, those with a too-short sleep duration spent more time on work, travel, socialising, relaxing, and leisure. By contrast, those who slept too long spent relatively less time on each of these activities. The findings indicate that sleep duration among the US population does not map onto the NSF sleep recommendations, mostly because of a higher proportion of long sleepers compared to short sleepers. More time spent on work, travel, and socialising and relaxing activities is strongly associated with an increased risk of nonalignment to NSF sleep duration recommendations.

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