Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017

The objective was to investigate the association between time spent on waking activities and nonaligned sleep duration in a representative sample of the US population. We analysed time use data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 2015–2017 (N = 31,621). National Sleep Foundation (NSF) age-specific sleep recommendations were used to define recommended (aligned) sleep duration. The balanced, repeated, replicate variance estimation method was applied to the ATUS data to calculate weighted estimates. Less than half of the US population had a sleep duration that mapped onto the NSF recommendations, and alignment was higher on weekdays (45%) than at weekends (33%). The proportion sleeping longer than the recommended duration was higher than those sleeping shorter on both weekdays and weekends (p < 0.001). Time spent on work, personal care, socialising, travel, TV watching, education, and total screen time was associated with nonalignment to the sleep recommendations. In comparison to the appropriate recommended sleep group, those with a too-short sleep duration spent more time on work, travel, socialising, relaxing, and leisure. By contrast, those who slept too long spent relatively less time on each of these activities. The findings indicate that sleep duration among the US population does not map onto the NSF sleep recommendations, mostly because of a higher proportion of long sleepers compared to short sleepers. More time spent on work, travel, and socialising and relaxing activities is strongly associated with an increased risk of nonalignment to NSF sleep duration recommendations.

Download Full-text

Graphical Representation of Time Use Diaries in Stata: ATUS Tempograms

10.31235/osf.io/6kvzq ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kamila Kolpashnikova

Keyword(s):

Survey Data ◽

Time Use ◽

Graphical Representation ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

The Us ◽

Time Use Survey ◽

Representation Of Time

In this paper, I will demonstrate how to create tempograms using the original American Time Use Survey data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics2. For this project, the 2003-2018sample of diaries is used (file names: atusact0318 and atussum0318).Additionally, I identify the bottleneck, where the performance of Stata’s underlying functions could be optimised to improve the work with time-use data for researchers who use Stata.

Download Full-text

Sleep and timing of death by suicide among U.S. Veterans 2006–2015: analysis of the American Time Use Survey and the National Violent Death Reporting System

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsz094 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michaela S McCarthy ◽

Claire Hoffmire ◽

Lisa A Brenner ◽

Sarra Nazem

Keyword(s):

Time Use ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Reporting System ◽

Age Groups ◽

Future Research ◽

Violent Death ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Time Use Survey ◽

Timing Of Death

Abstract Study Objectives Suicide is a top public health priority, and U.S. Veterans are recognized to be at particularly elevated risk. Sleep disturbances are an independent risk factor for suicide; recent empirical data suggest that nocturnal wakefulness may be a key mechanism underlying this association. Given higher rates of sleep disturbances among U.S. Veterans compared with civilians, we examined associations between nocturnal wakefulness and timing of death by suicide in U.S. Veterans and civilians to determine whether temporal suicide patterns differed. Methods The American Time Use Survey and the National Violent Death Reporting System were analyzed (2006–2015) to determine whether sleep and temporal suicide patterns differed between age-stratified groups (18–39, 40–64, and ≥65) of U.S. Veterans and civilians. Observed temporal suicide patterns were reported and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) calculated to compare the percentage of suicides observed with those expected, given the proportion of the population awake, across clock hours. Results The raw proportion of Veteran suicides peaks between the hours of 1000–1200; however, the peak prevalence of suicide after accounting for the population awake is between 0000 and 0300 hr (p < .00001, ϕ = .88). The highest SIR was at midnight; U.S. Veterans were eight times more likely to die by suicide than expected given the population awake (SIR = 8.17; 95% CI = 7.45–8.94). Conclusions Nocturnal wakefulness is associated with increased risk for suicide in U.S. Veterans. Overall patterns of observed suicides by clock hour were similar between U.S. Veterans and civilians. However, Veteran-specific SIRs suggest differences in magnitude of risk by clock hour across age groups. Future research examining female and Post-9/11 U.S. Veterans is warranted.

Download Full-text

0221 Late Meals, Sleep Duration, and Sleep Fragmentation: Findings From the American Time Use Survey

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A86-A86

Author(s):

S Iao ◽

K Shedden ◽

E C Jansen ◽

L M O’Brien ◽

R D Chervin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Duration ◽

Time Use ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Sleep Fragmentation ◽

Published Data ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

Causal Pathways ◽

Time Use Survey ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep hygiene recommendations discourage eating close to bedtime, though published data on the impact are not consistent. Associations between eating or drinking, within 1-hour prior to bedtime, sleep duration and sleep fragmentation were examined in a nationally-representative sample. Methods Data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), administered to a nationally representative sample of n=201,151 US residents aged ≥15 years were utilized. In an annual phone interview, ATUS participants were asked to record their activities during a 24-hour period (04:00am to 04:00am on the interview day) and were randomly selected to report weekdays or weekend activities. The present analysis included data from 2003–2018 and restricted to weekday respondents (n=124,242). Reporting of eating/drinking activities within 1-hour prior to bedtime was considered as a dichotomous variable (yes/no). Sleep fragmentation was defined as any awakening during the primary sleep episode (yes/no). Linear and logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, cohabitation, education and employment, were used to examine associations between eating/drinking and sleep duration or sleep fragmentation. Results In this ATUS sample, 56% of respondents were female and the mean age was 45 years. Mean sleep duration was 8.02 (0.007) hours, and 6% of survey participants ate/drank within 1-hour prior to bedtime. Overall, eating/drinking within 1-hour prior to bedtime was associated with longer sleep duration (p<0.01). Women and men who ate/drank within 1-hour prior to bedtime, in comparison to those who did not, had 35 minutes and 26 minutes longer sleep duration (p- value<0.0001) Eating/drinking activities within 1-hour prior to bedtime were associated with 1.8 higher odds of fragmented sleep (p<0.001). Conclusion In this large population-based survey, weekday eating or drinking within 1-hour prior to bedtime was associated with sleep fragmentation and longer sleep duration. Causal pathways would be difficult to discern, though sleep fragmentation could lead to compensatory increases in sleep duration. Support None

Download Full-text

Unconditional Quantile Regression Approach: Effects of Education on Housework Time in the US and Japan

Social Sciences ◽

10.3390/socsci9120235 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 235

Author(s):

Kamila Kolpashnikova ◽

Man-Yee Kan

Keyword(s):

Educational Attainment ◽

Time Use ◽

Leisure Activities ◽

Japanese Women ◽

Married Women ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

Highly Educated ◽

The Us ◽

Time Use Survey

We compare the association between educational attainment and housework participation among single and married women in Japan and the US. Using the cross-sectional time-use diaries from the 2006 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and the 2006 Japanese Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities (STULA) and unconditional quantile regressions (UQR), we test whether educational attainment is associated with less time spent on housework in Japan compared to the US. We find that this assumption stands only for American women and non-married Japanese women. However, married Japanese women are unlikely to reduce participation in housework with an increase in their educational level. Married Japanese women are more likely to do more housework proportionately to the level of their education. The findings reveal the presence of a marriage penalty among highly educated Japanese women. In Japan, the institute of marriage places higher expectations regarding women’s housework participation on married women with higher levels of education, thereby penalising Japanese women with higher educational attainments. Our findings illustrate that the tenets of the resource-based and gender-centred frameworks developed based on the empirical findings in Western countries cannot always directly apply to the patterns observed in East Asia.

Download Full-text

Associations between Bedtime Eating or Drinking, Sleep Duration and Wake after Sleep Onset: Findings from the American Time Use Survey

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521003597 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-30

Author(s):

Su I Iao ◽

Erica C. Jansen ◽

Kerby Shedden ◽

Louise M. O’Brien ◽

Ronald D. Chervin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sleep Duration ◽

Time Use ◽

Sleep Onset ◽

Population Based ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

Late Night ◽

Causal Pathways ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Time Use Survey ◽

The Impact

Abstract Sleep hygiene recommendations discourage eating before bedtime, however, the impact of mealtime on sleep has been inconsistent. We examined gender-stratified associations between eating or drinking <1, <2 and <3 hours before bedtime, sleep duration, and wake after sleep onset (WASO>30 minutes). This study utilized 2003-2018 data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), a nationally representative sample of US residents aged≥15. Participants recorded weekday/weekend activities during a 24-hour period. Age-specific Sleep duration and WASO were estimated categorically and continuously. Eating or drinking were identified from all activities recorded <1, <2 and <3 hours before bedtime. Mean±SE sleep duration was 8.0±0.006 hours, and 6% of participants ate or drank <1 hour prior to weekdays bedtime. Overall, eating or drinking <1 hour prior to bedtime was associated with longer weekdays sleep duration. Women and men who ate or drank <1 hour before bedtime, vs. those who did not, had 35 minutes [95%CI (30,39)] and 25 minutes [95%CI (21,29)] longer sleep duration, respectively, as well as increased odds of WASO; women [OR=2.03,95%CI (1.66,2.49)] and men [OR=2.64,95%CI (2.08,3.36)]. As the interval of eating or drinking prior to bedtime expanded, odds of short and long sleep durations and WASO decreased. This population-based data linked eating or drinking <1 hour before bedtime to longer sleep duration, but increased WASO. Eating or drinking further from bedtime lowers the odds of short and long sleep duration and WASO. Causal pathways are difficult to discern, though inefficient sleep after late-night eating could increase WASO and trigger compensatory increases in sleep duration.

Download Full-text

Do immigrants pay a price when marrying natives? Lessons from the US time use survey

IZA Journal of Development and Migration ◽

10.2478/izajodm-2020-0016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shoshana Amyra Grossbard ◽

Victoria Vernon

Keyword(s):

Time Use ◽

Immigrant Women ◽

Male Dominance ◽

Native Women ◽

Household Chores ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

The Us ◽

Time Use Survey ◽

Gender Based ◽

Immigrant Men

AbstractWe compare the allocation of time of native men and women married to immigrants against their counterparts in all-native couples using the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003–18. We find that when intermarried to a native man, immigrant women pay an assimilation price to the extent that, compared to native women in all-native marriages, they work longer hours at paid work, household chores, or both, while their husbands do no extra work. In some cases, they work for just an extra hour per day. Immigrant men do not pay such a price. Some work 34 min less at household chores than native men in all-native marriages, while the native women who marry immigrant men seem to pay a price related to their situation that would be in an all-native marriage. An explanation based on the operation of competitive marriage markets works for immigrant women, but not for immigrant men. Traditionally, gender-based privileges may allow immigrant men to prevent native women from getting a price for the value that intermarriage generates for their husbands. Such a “male dominance” scenario also helps explain why immigrant men married to native daughters of immigrants from the same region get more benefits from intermarriage than other immigrants.

Download Full-text

Disparities in sleep duration and restedness among same- and different-sex couples: findings from the American Time Use Survey

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsy090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alexa Martin-Storey ◽

Kate C Prickett ◽

Robert Crosnoe

Keyword(s):

Sleep Duration ◽

Time Use ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

Time Use Survey

Download Full-text

Socioeconomic Status and Housework: Cultural Differences in Participation in Routine Housework in Japan, Canada, and the US

10.31219/osf.io/9tfce ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Kamila Kolpashnikova ◽

Ryota Chiba ◽

Kiyomi Shirakawa

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Time Use ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Leisure Activities ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Negative Binomial Regression ◽

American Time Use Survey ◽

The Us ◽

Time Use Survey ◽

Global North

The assumption about socioeconomic status (SES) and participation in housework are based on the empirical results in Western countries. As such, SES is assumed to work in a similar way in other regions as it does in the countries of the global north. This assumption can often lead to misguided interpretations of the effects of SES on housework participation in other cultural contexts. One such exception is Japan. We analyze time-use diaries from the American Time Use Survey for the period from 2003 to 2016, 1986-2010 Canadian General Social Survey, and the 2006 Japan Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities (社会生活基本調査). Using the negative binomial regression, we test whether SES is associated with less time spent on housework as the outsourcing hypothesis predicts. The findings show that this hypothesis stands only for Canadian and American women, whereas married Japanese women are unlikely to reduce their participation in housework with the increase of their SES.

Download Full-text