scholarly journals Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gochfeld
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Occupational Epidemiology ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Drug Studies

Sex, the states of being female or male, potentially interacts with all xenobiotic exposures, both inadvertent and deliberate, and influences their toxicokinetics (TK), toxicodynamics, and outcomes. Sex differences occur in behavior, exposure, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics, accounting for female–male differences in responses to environmental chemicals, diet, and pharmaceuticals, including adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Often viewed as an annoying confounder, researchers have studied only one sex, adjusted for sex, or ignored it. Occupational epidemiology, the basis for understanding many toxic effects in humans, usually excluded women. Likewise, Food and Drug Administration rules excluded women of childbearing age from drug studies for many years. Aside from sex-specific organs, sex differences and sex × age interactions occur for a wide range of disease states as well as hormone-influenced conditions and drug distribution. Women have more ADRs than men; the classic sex hormone paradigm (gonadectomy and replacement) reveals significant interaction of sex and TK including absorption, distribution, metabolisms, and elimination. Studies should be designed to detect sex differences, describe the mechanisms, and interpret these in a broad social, clinical, and evolutionary context with phenomena that do not differ. Sex matters, but how much of a difference is needed to matter remains challenging.

Sodium Valproate and the Fetus: A Case Study and Review of the Literature

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Smith ◽  
John Whitehall
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Valproate ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Tube Defects ◽  
Antenatal Screening ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

Sodium valproate is a teratogen responsible for a wide range of abnormalities, including neural tube defects. It has traditionally been prescribed for epilepsy, but is increasingly used for such psychiatric conditions as bipolar disease. Women of childbearing age taking valproate should be warned of its teratogenicity and advised to plan pregnancies, take a higher dose of folate, discuss reducing the dose of valproate or changing the medication with their physician, and have antenatal screening. After birth, the infant should be examined for a wide range of reported abnormalities. Neurodevelopmental assessment should continue throughout childhood. We present a case that illustrates the need for better education of mothers taking valproate and the medical staff prescribing it.

scholarly journals MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF UROGENITAL MYCOPLASMIS AMONG THE FEMALE POPULATION OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-668
Author(s):  
Liudmyla I. Haliienko ◽  
Viktoriia B. Zamkevych ◽  
Oleksandr V. Zholobko ◽  
Nataliia M. Mykytenko ◽  
Nataliia V. Velikaia
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Age Features ◽  
Reliable Correlation

The aim: To study and analyze the dynamics, age, and regional characteristics of the incidence of urogenital mycoplasmosis in Ukraine during 2014-2019 and to substantiatemedical and organizational approaches to improving the prevention of urogenital mycoplasmosis among women. Materials and methods: To study the dynamics, age, and regional characteristics of the prevalence and incidence of urogenital mycoplasmosis in women, reference and statistical materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, reference materials and data from reporting forms No. 9, 34, 35 of the Center for Medical Statistics for 2014-2019 were used. Results: The current trends in the dynamics of the incidence of urogenital mycoplasmosis among female population in Ukraine during 2015-2019 are determined, its age features are established, the regional distribution of administrative territories of Ukraine according to the incidence of urogenital mycoplasmosis is substantiated, medical and organizational approaches to improving menopause among women are substantiated. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that although urogenital mycoplasmosis is most often diagnosed among women of childbearing age, the risk of infection exists for women of all ages, which indicates the urgency of providing effective measures to prevent it.A wide range of regional indicators of incidence of urogenital mycoplasmosis in women was established: from 0.9 per 100 thousand female population in the Zakarpattia region to 230.9 per 100 thousand in Kharkiv region, with in excess of the average Ukrainian indicator in a number of oblasts by1.8-3.2 times. There is a tendency towards redistribution during 2010-2018 of the age structure of patients with urogenital mycoplasmosis: against the background of a slight decrease in the proportion of age groups from 0 to 14, 15-19, 20-29 years there is an increase in the proportion of other age groups, but the first rank place, as in previous years, is retained by the age group of 20-29 years: 48.4% in 2010, 39.1% in 2018). A statistically reliable correlation connection between age and the level of incidence of urogenital mycoplasmosis among women is not revealed.

Drug Studies in Women of Childbearing Age

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 328???333 ◽  
Author(s):  
URIEL HALBREICH ◽  
STANLEY W. CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Drug Studies

scholarly journals Oxidative stress-related effects on various aspects of endometriosis

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossin Ansariniya ◽  
Abolfazl Yavari ◽  
Fateme Zare ◽  
Atiyeh Javaheri
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Wide Range

Endometriosis is a chronic and relatively common disease in women of childbearing age. Complications of this disease include a wide range of disorders. The cause of this disease is not known for sure, but several hypotheses have been proposed for it. In this disease, the entry of endometrial tissues into the peritoneal cavity causes oxidative stress through the Fenton reaction and inflammation in this site. Oxidative stress can be associated with many complications of endometriosis. In this review, an attempt has been made to discuss the effects of oxidative stress on various complications of this disease.

Appreciation of the importance of pregravid preparation and reproductive attitudes of women of childbearing age in the city of Omsk

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
E N Kravchenko ◽  
R A Morgunov
Keyword(s):  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Perinatal Center ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Complicated Pregnancy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The aim of the study. Assess the importance of pregravid preparation and outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth, depending on the reproductive attitudes of women in the city of Omsk. Materials and methods. The study included 92 women who were divided into groups: group A (n=43) - women whose pregnancy was planned; group B (n=49) - women whose pregnancy occurred accidentally. Each group was divided into subgroups depending on age: from 18 to 30 and from 31 to 49 years. For each patient included in the study, a specially designed map was filled out. These patients were interviewed at the City Clinical Perinatal Center. Results. Comparative analysis revealed the relationship between the reproductive settings of women of childbearing age and the peculiarity of the course of pregnancy and childbirth in these patients. Summary. The majority of women of fertile age are married: in subgroup AA - 25 (96.2%), AB - 13 (76.5%), BA - 25 (92.6%), BB - 20 (91.0%). The predominant number of women of fertile age have one or more abortions: in subgroup AA - 12 (46.2%), AB - 6 (35.3%), in subgroups of comparison BA - 8 (29.6%), BB - 6 (27.3%). More than half of the women of fertile age surveyed have a history of untreated cervical pathology (from 40.8% to 64.7%). The course of pregnancy in women planning pregnancy in most cases proceeded without complications: in subgroup AA - 13 (50.0%), AB - 11 (64.7%). The most common cause of complicated pregnancy in women whose pregnancy occurred accidentally is the threat of spontaneous miscarriage: in subgroup BA - 15 (55.6%), BB - 16 (72.7%). The uncomplicated course of labor more often [subgroup AA - 19 (73.0%), AB - 12 (70.6%)] was observed in women whose pregnancy was planned and they were motivated to give birth to a healthy child.

Reflections on Death by Spiritually Mature Elders

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eugene Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spatial Terms ◽  
Present Life

Beliefs and feelings about death are excerpted from interviews conducted with elderly English men and women, who were viewed as spiritually mature by those in their community. Respondents reported a wide range of beliefs about death, reflecting their personal experience, but none reported fear of death. Subtle sex differences were noted: men tended to picture death in spatial terms, of moving into a new dimension, while women tended to describe death in terms of relationships. Overall the respondents indicated that they placed a positive value on death, viewing it as a continuation of, and source of meaning for their present life.

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