Dialogue and Collaboration with ECVAM: The View of the EFPIA

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Bernward Garthoff
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
European Federation ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Umbrella Organisation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

An evaluation is presented of past experience of dialogue and collaboration between ECVAM and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) over the last nine years. Lessons learnt from the viewpoint of EFPIA company representatives are given. Also, proposals for the future ECVAM approach are made, such as support for other research areas for new methods to be validated, giving realistic statements to ECVAM's European Union and external customers, and being open to any new technology development that might help in opening and establishing new alternative avenues. Finally, the need for proper publications on the implementation of alternatives is recommended, for example, through the existing national platforms and their umbrella organisation, ecopa.

Part I General Questions, 2 Transnational Organised Crime: Concepts and Critics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinn Arndt
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Direction

The term ‘transnational organised crime’ is no recent invention, but the legislature first took heed of the phenomenon only thirty years ago. Three external developments contributed to this change: first, the worrying rise of narcotics-related criminal activity; second, the particularly organised way in which these and other crimes were committed; and third, cross-border activity especially in the context of new technology and the opening of borders in the European Union. Transnational organised crime (TOC) is thus a fairly young field of research. The specific structures of perpetrator groups and their methods have been of particular interest to criminologists, while criminal legal scholars have been much slower to react. This chapter gives an overview of the problems in describing, defining, and combating TOC. Key factors that are likely to influence the future direction of organised crime are also named.

New Caledonia, a land of Nickel - Research and innovation acting for the sustainable development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
France Bailly
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Research Areas

<p>New Caledonia, a French overseas territory, is located in the southwest of the Pacific Ocean, less than 2,000 km from both the Australian and New Zealand coasts. This small archipelago (18,575 km2) presents the third largest nickel deposit in the world and, according to recent estimates, would have more than 25% of the world's nickel resources and about 40% of the world's oxidized mineral resources, together with the presence of cobalt, chromium and manganese. The mining areas, spread over the whole ‘Grande Terre’ (mainland), comprise about 250,000 hectares of scattered concessions shared by French and international world scale mining and metallurgic companies and a few other local small-scale miners.</p><p>To face the challenges of a “better way of mining”, fit the new regulatory requirements and improve mining social acceptability, the mining sector stakeholders decided to create a dedicated resource agency devoted to applied research and technology development in New Caledonia’s mining industry. Created in 2007, this unique public and private organisation jointly involves all New Caledonian’s mining companies, political and administrative stakeholders and various scientific research bodies.</p><p>Research has focused on three identified areas (technology and mineral resources, natural environment and social issues) to fill on-going gaps in fundamental knowledge, offer and adapt new technology that is relevant to the industry, develop methodology aids, manage knowledge transfer and upgrade practices on the ground. If action of CNRT has effectively added value to New Caledonian research, at the same time it permanently keeps in touch with industry.</p><p>A presentation of some of the flagships scientific programs will give an overview of the main achievements in the three research areas with a focus concerning works on asbestos. CNRT started working on the environmental asbestos hazard in New Caledonia since 2010. This public health area is being examined alongside the New Caledonian Geological Survey and the various industry initiatives, such as the Inter-Mine Environmental Asbestos Committee.</p><p> </p>

Defects and Diffusion issues for the Manufacturing of Semiconductors in the 21st Century

1997 ◽  
Vol 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Point Defect ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Surface And Interface ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
2D And 3D

ABSTRACTWithin the past decade, process simulation has become an essential part of new technology development in the silicon IC industry. The use of TCAD (technology computer aided design) tools has been driven by the enormous cost of purely experimental approaches to technology development. Yet the power of these tools and their predictive capability are still greatly limited by the models they use. TCAD models for doping processes are universally based today on point defects. These models have evolved considerably in the past decade to incorporate additional understanding. The state-of-the-art today includes concentration dependent diffusion through Fermi level effects on defect concentrations, full coupling between defects and dopants which allows prediction of non-local diffusion effects, basic models for the effects of ion implantation damage (the +1 model), surface and interface effects (through effective recombination velocities and segregation), and full 2D and 3D simulations.As devices continue to shrink, better models will certainly be required. Challenges for the future include more detailed information about damage resulting from ion implantation, better understanding of point defect properties (equilibrium populations, diffusivities, transient response to temperatures changes), better models for point defect behavior at interfaces, and finally, development of accurate methods to actually measure 2D and 3D dopant profiles. This paper will attempt to describe where we are and where we need to be in the future.

Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Suganya ◽  
V. Anuradha
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Control Drug Release

Encapsulation is a process of enclosing the substances within an inert material which protects from environment as well as control drug release. Recently, two type of encapsulation has been performed in several research. Nanoencapsulation is the coating of various substances within another material at sizes on the nano scale. Microencapsulation is similar to nanoencapsulation aside from it involving larger particles and having been done for a greater period of time than nanoencapsulation. Encapsulation is a new technology that has wide applications in pharmaceutical industries, agrochemical, food industries and cosmetics. In this review, the difference between micro and nano encapsulation has been explained. This article gives an overview of different methods and reason for encapsulation. The advantages and disadvantages of micro and nano encapsulation technology were also clearly mentioned in this paper.

Fine MCP Decapsulation Technology Development

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Zhou ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Taekoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Etching ◽  
Etch Rate ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Mechanical Polishing ◽  
Technology Process ◽  
Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Die Surface

Abstract Multi-Chip Package (MCP) decapsulation is now becoming a rising problem. Because for traditional decapsulation method, acid can’t dissolve the top silicon die to expose the bottom die surface in MCP. It makes inspecting the bottom die in MCP is difficult. In this paper, a new MCP decapsulation technology combining mechanical polishing with chemical etching is introduced. This new technology can remove the top die quickly without damaging the bottom die using KOH and Tetra-Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide (TMAH). The technology process and relative application are presented. The factors that affect the KOH and TMAH etch rate are studied. The usage difference between the two etchant is discussed.

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