Too much to choose from? The long-term effects of political fragmentation on electoral turnout

Politics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026339572097121
Author(s):  
Piotr Zagórski
Keyword(s):  
Political Socialization ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Choice Overload ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Electoral Turnout ◽  
Political Scene

How does political socialization in a highly fragmented political scene affect propensity to vote? This article focusses on the long-term relationship between the number of political parties and the propensity to turn out in 96 parliamentary elections between 1996 and 2016 of nearly 100,000 individuals in 31 countries. Although intuitively more options might be expected to translate into a greater likelihood of participating in elections, existing research claims that high levels of party fragmentation instead lead to ‘choice overload’ and alienate citizens from voting. Building on the theory of voting as a habit, I show that early adulthood political socialization in a highly fragmented context leaves a footprint of non-voting in subsequent elections. This finding is especially relevant given the recent significant rise in fragmentation of most party systems in Europe, which in light of this research could mean a further decline in turnout rates in many countries in the future.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Fathers' Depressed Mood on Youth Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adulthood

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben T. Reeb ◽  
Ed Y. Wu ◽  
Monica J. Martin ◽  
Kristina L. Gelardi ◽  
Sut Yee Shirley Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Long Term Effects

Long-term effects of pre-pubertal fluoxetine on behaviour and monoaminergic stress response in stress-sensitive rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Johan Badenhorst ◽  
Linda Brand ◽  
Brian Herbert Harvey ◽  
Susanna Maria Ellis ◽  
Christiaan Beyers Brink
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Swim Stress ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome

ObjectiveAlthough prescription rates of antidepressants for children and adolescents have increased, concerns have been raised regarding effects on neurodevelopment and long-term outcome. Using a genetic animal model of depression, this study investigated the long-term effects of pre-pubertal administration of fluoxetine (FLX) on depressive-like behaviour in early adulthood, as well as on central monoaminergic response to an acute stressor. We postulated that pre-pubertal FLX will have lasting effects on animal behaviour and monoaminergic stress responses in early adulthood.MethodsFlinders sensitive line (FSL) rats received 10 mg/kg/day FLX subcutaneously from postnatal day 21 (PnD21) to PnD34 (pre-pubertal). Thereafter, following normal housing, rats were either subjected to locomotor testing and the forced swim test (FST) on PnD60 (early adulthood), or underwent surgery for microdialysis, followed on PnD60 by exposure to acute swim stress and measurement of stressor-induced changes in plasma corticosterone and pre-frontal cortical monoamine concentrations.ResultsPre-pubertal FLX did not induce a late emergent effect on immobility in FSL rats on PnD60, whereas locomotor activity was significantly decreased. Acute swim stress on PnD60 significantly increased plasma corticosterone levels, and increased pre-frontal cortical norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations. Pre-pubertal FLX significantly blunted the pre-frontal cortical NE and 5-HIAA response following swim stress on PnD60. Baseline dopamine levels were significantly enhanced by pre-pubertal FLX, but no further changes were induced by swim stress.ConclusionPre-pubertal FLX did not have lasting antidepressant-like behavioural effects in genetically susceptible, stress-sensitive FSL rats. However, such treatment reduced locomotor activity, abrogated noradrenergic and serotonergic stressor responses and elevated dopaminergic baseline levels in adulthood.

The Short- and Long-Term Effects of Adolescent Violent Victimization Experienced Within the Family and Community

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail A. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Youth Survey ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
The Family ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Adolescents face high rates of victimization, yet little is known regarding the criminal consequences of these experiences. Using data from the National Youth Survey, this investigation compared the relative and combined effects of adolescent violent victimization perpetrated by family and nonfamily members on self-reported criminal offending from adolescence to early adulthood. The results demonstrate that both types of violence have an immediate and sustained impact on criminal involvement, although the effect is somewhat stronger for nonfamily victimization, and for both types, the relationship tends to weaken over time. In addition, those experiencing both types of victimization report a higher frequency of offending compared to those experiencing only one type. The findings indicate the need for prevention programs aimed at decreasing the prevalence of adolescent victimization, as well as intervention efforts to help victims from becoming offenders.

scholarly journals Developmental Dynamics of Intergroup Contact and Intergroup Attitudes: Long-Term Effects in Adolescence and Early Adulthood

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1466-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Wölfer ◽  
Katharina Schmid ◽  
Miles Hewstone ◽  
Maarten van Zalk
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Developmental Dynamics

POPULAR UPRISINGS AND ARAB DEMOCRATIZATION

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larbi Sadiki
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Preceding Period ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Arab Societies

This paper proposes that domestic political conflict presents opportunities for positive change with long-term effects despite the “inherent plausibility” of its harmfulness. This position is tested using examples of Arab bread riots in the context of the wave of Arab democratizations over the past twenty years. Although generally guided and controlled, Arab political liberalizations (especially those of Sudan, Algeria, and Jordan) have their roots in pressure from below. Elsewhere (as in Tunisia and Egypt), similar pressure has helped consolidate—or, at least, place—political reform on the agenda of de-legitimized ruling elites. Democracy and democratization in the Arab Middle East have almost invariably meant a trend toward “parliamentarization” and “electoralization,” without yet presaging polyarchal rule. Between 1985 and 1996, the Arab world has experienced more than twenty pluralist or multiparty parliamentary elections, twice the number that took place in the entire preceding period since the early 1960s, when many Arab countries won independence from colonial rule. A focus on the khubz-iste (the quietist bread seeker who abandons quietism as soon as his livelihood is threatened by the state) and the hitiste (the quietist unemployed who becomes active in bread protests) provides a new perspective on democratization processes in Arab societies.

Neonatal hyperoxia: effects on nephrogenesis and long-term glomerular structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (10) ◽  
pp. F1308-F1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan R. Sutherland ◽  
Megan O'Reilly ◽  
Kelly Kenna ◽  
Kimberley Ong ◽  
Richard Harding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Age ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Renal Development ◽  
Nephron Number ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Renal Corpuscle

Preterm neonates are born while nephrogenesis is ongoing and are commonly exposed to factors in the extrauterine environment that may impair renal development. Supplemental oxygen therapy exposes the preterm infant to a hyperoxic environment that may induce oxidative stress. Our aim was to determine the immediate and long-term effects of exposure to hyperoxia, during the period of postnatal nephrogenesis, on renal development. Newborn mice (C57BL/6J) were kept in a normoxic (room air, 21% oxygen) or a controlled hyperoxic (65% oxygen) environment from birth to postnatal day 7 ( P7d). From P7d, animals were maintained in room air until early adulthood at postnatal day 56 ( P56d) or middle age (10 mo; P10mo). Pups were assessed for glomerular maturity and renal corpuscle cross-sectional area at P7d (control n = 14; hyperoxic n = 14). Nephron number and renal corpuscle size were determined stereologically at P56d (control n = 14; hyperoxic n = 14) and P10mo (control n = 10; hyperoxic n = 10). At P7d, there was no effect of hyperoxia on glomerular size or maturity. In early adulthood ( P56d), body weights, relative kidney weights and volumes, and nephron number were not different between groups, but the renal corpuscles were significantly enlarged. This was no longer evident at P10mo, with relative kidney weights and volumes, nephron number, and renal corpuscle size not different between groups. Furthermore, hyperoxia exposure did not significantly accelerate glomerulosclerosis in middle age. Hence, our findings show no overt long-term deleterious effects of early life hyperoxia on glomerular structure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document