Long-term effects of pre-pubertal fluoxetine on behaviour and monoaminergic stress response in stress-sensitive rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Johan Badenhorst ◽  
Linda Brand ◽  
Brian Herbert Harvey ◽  
Susanna Maria Ellis ◽  
Christiaan Beyers Brink
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Swim Stress ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome

ObjectiveAlthough prescription rates of antidepressants for children and adolescents have increased, concerns have been raised regarding effects on neurodevelopment and long-term outcome. Using a genetic animal model of depression, this study investigated the long-term effects of pre-pubertal administration of fluoxetine (FLX) on depressive-like behaviour in early adulthood, as well as on central monoaminergic response to an acute stressor. We postulated that pre-pubertal FLX will have lasting effects on animal behaviour and monoaminergic stress responses in early adulthood.MethodsFlinders sensitive line (FSL) rats received 10 mg/kg/day FLX subcutaneously from postnatal day 21 (PnD21) to PnD34 (pre-pubertal). Thereafter, following normal housing, rats were either subjected to locomotor testing and the forced swim test (FST) on PnD60 (early adulthood), or underwent surgery for microdialysis, followed on PnD60 by exposure to acute swim stress and measurement of stressor-induced changes in plasma corticosterone and pre-frontal cortical monoamine concentrations.ResultsPre-pubertal FLX did not induce a late emergent effect on immobility in FSL rats on PnD60, whereas locomotor activity was significantly decreased. Acute swim stress on PnD60 significantly increased plasma corticosterone levels, and increased pre-frontal cortical norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations. Pre-pubertal FLX significantly blunted the pre-frontal cortical NE and 5-HIAA response following swim stress on PnD60. Baseline dopamine levels were significantly enhanced by pre-pubertal FLX, but no further changes were induced by swim stress.ConclusionPre-pubertal FLX did not have lasting antidepressant-like behavioural effects in genetically susceptible, stress-sensitive FSL rats. However, such treatment reduced locomotor activity, abrogated noradrenergic and serotonergic stressor responses and elevated dopaminergic baseline levels in adulthood.

scholarly journals Residual hip dysplasia: is there a place for hip shelf operation?

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Terjesen
Keyword(s):  
Periacetabular Osteotomy ◽  
Developmental Dysplasia ◽  
Hip Pain ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Shelf Procedure ◽  
Shelf Operation

Purpose After modern acetabular osteotomies were introduced, hip shelf operations have become much less commonly used. The aims of this study were to assess the short-term and long-term outcome of a modified Spitzy shelf procedure and to compare the results with those of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). Methods In all, 44 patients (55 hips) with developmental dysplasia of the hip and residual dysplasia had a modified Spitzy shelf operation. Mean age at surgery was 13.2 years (8 to 22). Indication for surgery was a centre-edge angle < 20° with or without hip pain. Outcome was evaluated using duration of painless period and survival analysis with conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) as endpoints. Results Preoperative hip pain was present in 46% of the hips and was more common in patients ≥ 12 years at surgery (p < 0.001). One year postoperatively, 93% of the hips were painless. Analysis of pain in hips with more than ten years follow-up showed a mean postoperative painless period of 20.0 years (0 to 49). In all, 44 hips (80%) had undergone THA at a mean patient age of 50.5 years (37 to 63). Mean survival of the shelf procedure (time from operation to THA) was 39.3 years (21 to 55). Conclusions The Spitzy operation had good short and long-term effects on hip pain and a 30-year survival (no THA) of 72% of the hips. These results compare favourably with those of PAO and indicate that there is still a place for the shelf procedure in older children and young adults.

scholarly journals Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Penttilä ◽  
Erika Jääskeläinen ◽  
Noora Hirvonen ◽  
Matti Isohanni ◽  
Jouko Miettunen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Duration Of Untreated Psychosis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Early Intervention In Psychosis

BackgroundDuration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is one of the few potentially modifiable predictors of outcomes of schizophrenia. Long DUP as a predictor of poor short-term outcome has been addressed in previous meta-analyses, but the long-term effects of DUP remain unclear.AimsTo analyse the associations between DUP and long-term outcomes of schizophrenia.MethodA systematic literature search was performed using seven electronic databases and manual searches. Random effects weighted meta-analysis with correlation coefficients was used to pool the results.ResultsWe identified 3493 unique publications, from which 33 samples met our predefined selection criteria. Long DUP correlated statistically significantly with poor general symptomatic outcome, more severe positive and negative symptoms, lesser likelihood of remission and poor social functioning and global outcome (correlations 0.13–0.18). Long DUP was not associated with employment, quality of life or hospital treatment.ConclusionsThe small but mostly consistent correlation between long DUP and poor outcome indicates that early intervention in psychosis may have at least subtle positive effects on the long-term course of illness.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of the Treatment of Depressive Female Inpatients in a Naturalistic Study: Is Early Improvement a Valid Predictor of Outcome?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Elian Zuercher-Huerlimann ◽  
Martin grosse Holtforth ◽  
Ernst Hermann
Keyword(s):  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Inpatient Setting ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Early Improvement ◽  
Valid Predictor ◽  
Short And Long Term

Objectives.To examine the predictive value of early improvement for short- and long-term outcome in the treatment of depressive female inpatients and to explore the influence of comorbid disorders (CD).Methods.Archival data of a naturalistic sample of 277 female inpatients diagnosed with a depressive disorder was analyzed assessing the BDI at baseline, after 20 days and 30 days, posttreatment, and after 3 to 6 months at follow-up. Early improvement, defined as a decrease in the BDI score of at least 30% after 20 and after 30 days, and CD were analyzed using binary logistic regression.Results.Both early improvement definitions were predictive of remission at posttreatment. Early improvement after 30 days showed a sustained treatment effect in the follow-up phase, whereas early improvement after 20 days failed to show a persistent effect regarding remission at follow-up. CD were not significantly related neither at posttreatment nor at follow-up. At no time point CD moderated the prediction by early improvement.Conclusions.We show that early improvement is a valid predictor for short-term remission and at follow-up in an inpatient setting. CD did not predict outcome. Further studies are needed to identify patient subgroups amenable to more tailored treatments.

Long-term outcome after gamma knife radiosurgery of advanced jugulotympanic glomus tumour: a case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Ampil ◽  
Anil Nanda ◽  
Eduardo Gonzalez-Toledo ◽  
Moiz Vora
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Glomus Tumour ◽  
Intracranial Extension ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Lower Cranial Nerve ◽  
Tumour Control

AbstractAimJugulotympanic glomus tumours (JTGT) are highly vascular neoplasms composed of paraganglionic tissue of neural crest origin. Because of the neoplasm’s slow growth potential, any claimed efficacy associated with applied treatment must be supported by long-term effects observed in patients.MethodologyThis report presents a case of advanced stage JTGT in a 66-year-old woman treated by γ knife radiosurgery (GKRS).ResultsSustained tumour control with preservation of lower cranial nerve function was observed for more than 10 years after completion of treatment.ConclusionGKRS even with large intracranial extension of JTGT in patients may help to achieve long-term disease control with minimal morbidity.

scholarly journals The Short and Long-term Effects of Pregnancy on Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela McCombe
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Short And Long Term

The role of pregnancy in multiple sclerosis (MS) is of importance because many patients with MS are young women in the childbearing age who require information to inform their reproductive decisions. Pregnancy is now well-known to be associated with fewer relapses of MS and reduced activity of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, in women with multiple sclerosis, this benefit is not always sufficient to protect against a rebound of disease activity if disease modulating therapy is ceased for pregnancy. There is reason to be concerned that use of assisted reproductive therapies can be associated with relapses of MS. It is thought that the beneficial effects of pregnancy are due to the pregnancy-associated changes in the maternal immune system. There is some evidence of this in human studies and studies of EAE. There is also evidence that having been pregnant leads to better long-term outcome of MS. The mechanism for this is not fully understood but it could result from epigenetic changes resulting from pregnancy or parenthood. Further studies of the mechanisms of the beneficial effects of pregnancy could provide information that might be used to produce new therapies.

scholarly journals Brain Biomarkers of Long-term Outcome of Neonatal Onset Urea Cycle Disorder

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha Mourad ◽  
Johannes Häberle ◽  
Matthew Whitehead ◽  
Tamar Stricker ◽  
Andrea L. Gropman
Keyword(s):  
Urea Cycle ◽  
Ammonia Level ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Plasma Ammonia ◽  
Neonatal Onset ◽  
The Brain

Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are common inborn errors of metabolism, with an incidence of one in 30,000 births. They are caused by deficiencies in any of six enzymes and two carrier proteins, the most common being Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTCD). OTCD results in impairment to excrete nitrogen, causing toxic buildup of ammonia with resultant encephalopathy. Hyperammonemia (HA) induces the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in the brain. Excess glutamine in the brain causes osmotic changes cerebral edema, changes in astrocyte morphology, and cell death. Acute symptoms of HA include vomiting, hyperventilation, seizures, and irritability. Long-term neurological changes include deficits in working memory and executive function. To date, there are no predictors of prognosis of infants with neonatal onset OTCD outside of plasma ammonia level at presentation and duration of hyperammonemic coma. We provide a comprehensive analysis of a 16-year-old male with neonatal onset of OTCD as an example of how brain biomarkers may be useful to monitor disease course and outcome. This male presented at 8 days post natal with plasma ammonia and glutamine of 677 and 4024 micromol/L and had a missense mutation in Exon 4 (p.R129H). Treatment included protein restriction, sodium benzoate, and citrulline, arginine, and iron. He suffered recurrent acute hyperammonemic episodes despite compliance, triggered by infections or catabolic stressors. We discuss the long-term effects of the hyperammonemic episodes by following MRI based disease biomarkers.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy in childhood-onset craniopharyngioma: results of the German Craniopharyngioma Registry (HIT-Endo)

2018 ◽  
Vol 179 (5) ◽  
pp. 331-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja Boekhoff ◽  
Agnieszka Bogusz ◽  
Anthe S Sterkenburg ◽  
Maria Eveslage ◽  
Hermann L Müller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Childhood Onset ◽  
Survival Prognosis ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Long Term Outcome

Objective Quality of survival, prognosis and long-term outcome are often severely impaired in childhood-onset craniopharyngioma (CP) patients. Identification of risk factors for sequelae such as growth hormone (GH) deficiency is important for appropriate treatment and rehabilitation. Design In a cross-sectional study, 79 CP patients recruited in HIT-Endo before 2000 were analyzed according to GH substitution: (a) CP never GH treated (noGH); (b) CP GH treated only during childhood (pedGH); (c) CP under GH, initiated at adulthood (adultGH); (d) CP under GH during childhood and continued during adulthood (contGH). Methods Progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS), height, BMI, psychosocial and neuropsychological status (EORTC QLQ-C30, MFI-20). Results OS and PFS rates were similar in all subgroups. ContGH and pedGH CP presented with increases in height (P = 0.002; P = 0.0001) during long-term follow-up when compared with baseline. In all subgroups except for pedGH, increases in BMI were observed when compared with BMI at diagnosis. For emotional functionality and physical fatigue, adultGH CP showed worse (P = 0.037; P = 0.034) response (mean: 61.4%; 12.5%) when compared with pedGH CP (mean: 83.5%; 7.7%). Observed differences were not related to irradiation and hypothalamic involvement. In terms of psychosocial status, no differences were observed between subgroups. Conclusions We conclude that GH substitution was safe with regard to risk of tumor progression/relapse in CP. Growth was improved by GH, whereas the development of obesity was not influenced by GH substitution. However, early initiation of GH substitution after CP diagnosis might have beneficial effects on weight development and neuropsychological outcome.

Life after a Myocardial Infarction—The Wives' Point of View

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1203-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjersti Arefjord ◽  
Eli Hallaråker ◽  
Odd E. Havik ◽  
John Gunnar Mæland
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Illness Episode ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome

37 wives of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) were interviewed after the index MI to examine the consequences with regard to quality of marital relationship, symptoms of distress, worries and concerns and to evaluate the long-term outcome from the wives' personal point of view. The interviews were done at three times: during hospitalisation, three months after discharge, and 10 years post index MI. Our findings suggest relatively minor and time-limited adjustment problems concerning marital relationship and symptoms of distress. In a long-term perspective, only a few lasting changes were found. On the other hand, the wives' subjective assessment of the long-term effects of the infarct within different domains of life indicated that the illness episode had a comprehensive negative influence on their quality of life. In accordance with this, the majority reported that the myocardial infarction was still not a closed episode.

Long-term outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy in a patient with distal esophageal spasm followed up for 2.5 years: two sides of the same coin – A Case Report and Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1481-1486
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Hong Jin ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Chunshan Zhao ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chest Pain ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy ◽  
Esophageal Spasm ◽  
Endoscopic Myotomy ◽  
Per Oral

Abstract Introduction Distal esophageal spasm (DES), a relatively rare condition, is characterized by simultaneous contractions of the distal esophagus and manifested by dysphagia and chest pain. Several treatment options are recommended, such as pharmacological therapy, endoscopic interventions, and surgical myotomy. Recently, per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been adopted as an effective and less-invasive treatment due to its excellent short-term clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, few reports describe its long-term effects. Case presentation A 65-year-old woman complained of chest pain accompanied with dysphagia and weight loss for 4 months. A series of examinations suggested that she was suffering from DES and then POEM was performed. During the 2.5-year follow-up, we observed an exciting long-term outcome. Interestingly, hematoxylin and eosin staining verified a large number of eosinophils in the muscularis externa, which was absent in the mucosa of the esophagus of the patient. Conclusions We herein report a case of DES who underwent POEM to eliminate persistent esophageal contractions. Eckardt score, esophageal emptying test, and high-resolution manometry were assumed to monitor the efficacy of POEM. During treatment and 2.5 years after operation, esophageal muscle biopsies and/or mucosal tissues were obtained. This case has been presented to describe that POEM could be a strategy for DES with a long-term curative effect and that eosinophils in the muscle layer of the esophagus might be involved in the pathogenesis of DES. What is more, we reviewed literature to find similar cases reported in the past.

scholarly journals The Short and Long-Term Effects of Pregnancy on Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela McCombe
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Short And Long Term

The role of pregnancy in multiple sclerosis (MS) is of importance because many patients with MS are young women in the childbearing age who require information to inform their reproductive decisions. Pregnancy is now well-known to be associated with fewer relapses of MS and reduced activity of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, in women with multiple sclerosis, this benefit is not always sufficient to protect against a rebound of disease activity if disease-modulating therapy is ceased for pregnancy. There is concern that use of assisted reproductive therapies can be associated with relapses of MS, but more data are required. It is thought that the beneficial effects of pregnancy are due to the pregnancy-associated changes in the maternal immune system. There is some evidence of this in human studies and studies of EAE. There is also evidence that having been pregnant leads to better long-term outcome of MS. The mechanism for this is not fully understood but it could result from epigenetic changes resulting from pregnancy or parenthood. Further studies of the mechanisms of the beneficial effects of pregnancy could provide information that might be used to produce new therapies.

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