Preventing growth in amphetamine use: long-term effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) from early adolescence to early adulthood

Social learning is fundamental to human development, helping individuals adapt to new conditions and cooperate in groups. During the formative years of adolescence, the social environment shapes people’s socio-cognitive skills needed in adulthood. Yet, peer influence during this pivotal developmental stage is generally associated with risky and unruly conduct, with eminent negative long-term effects on adolescents’ educational, economic and health outcomes. Here we show, in contrast to this traditional view, that the impact of peers on adolescents’ behaviour can also be markedly positive. Exposure to disobedient peers provoked rule breaking, and selfish peers reduced prosocial behaviour, particularly in early adolescence. However, compliant peers also promoted rule-following and fair peers increased prosociality. A belief formation task further revealed that early adolescents tend to assimilate social information, while older adolescents prioritise personal views. Our results suggest that these developmental patterns reflect a decline in an underlying domain-general factor of social sensitivity during adolescence, and highlight early adolescence as a key window for peer-based interventions to improve developmental trajectories.

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Long-term effects of pre-pubertal fluoxetine on behaviour and monoaminergic stress response in stress-sensitive rats

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1017/neu.2016.53 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 222-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nico Johan Badenhorst ◽

Linda Brand ◽

Brian Herbert Harvey ◽

Susanna Maria Ellis ◽

Christiaan Beyers Brink

Keyword(s):

Locomotor Activity ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Plasma Corticosterone ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Swim Stress ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome

ObjectiveAlthough prescription rates of antidepressants for children and adolescents have increased, concerns have been raised regarding effects on neurodevelopment and long-term outcome. Using a genetic animal model of depression, this study investigated the long-term effects of pre-pubertal administration of fluoxetine (FLX) on depressive-like behaviour in early adulthood, as well as on central monoaminergic response to an acute stressor. We postulated that pre-pubertal FLX will have lasting effects on animal behaviour and monoaminergic stress responses in early adulthood.MethodsFlinders sensitive line (FSL) rats received 10 mg/kg/day FLX subcutaneously from postnatal day 21 (PnD21) to PnD34 (pre-pubertal). Thereafter, following normal housing, rats were either subjected to locomotor testing and the forced swim test (FST) on PnD60 (early adulthood), or underwent surgery for microdialysis, followed on PnD60 by exposure to acute swim stress and measurement of stressor-induced changes in plasma corticosterone and pre-frontal cortical monoamine concentrations.ResultsPre-pubertal FLX did not induce a late emergent effect on immobility in FSL rats on PnD60, whereas locomotor activity was significantly decreased. Acute swim stress on PnD60 significantly increased plasma corticosterone levels, and increased pre-frontal cortical norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations. Pre-pubertal FLX significantly blunted the pre-frontal cortical NE and 5-HIAA response following swim stress on PnD60. Baseline dopamine levels were significantly enhanced by pre-pubertal FLX, but no further changes were induced by swim stress.ConclusionPre-pubertal FLX did not have lasting antidepressant-like behavioural effects in genetically susceptible, stress-sensitive FSL rats. However, such treatment reduced locomotor activity, abrogated noradrenergic and serotonergic stressor responses and elevated dopaminergic baseline levels in adulthood.

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The interaction of chronic delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and estradiol during early adulthood has long‐term effects on learning in female rats

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.582.8 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Peter John Winsauer ◽

Jessie L Sutton

Keyword(s):

Early Adulthood ◽

Female Rats ◽

Long Term Effects

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The Short- and Long-Term Effects of Adolescent Violent Victimization Experienced Within the Family and Community

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/vivi.2003.18.4.445 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 445-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Abigail A. Fagan

Keyword(s):

Early Adulthood ◽

Violent Victimization ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Youth Survey ◽

Criminal Involvement ◽

The Family ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

Adolescents face high rates of victimization, yet little is known regarding the criminal consequences of these experiences. Using data from the National Youth Survey, this investigation compared the relative and combined effects of adolescent violent victimization perpetrated by family and nonfamily members on self-reported criminal offending from adolescence to early adulthood. The results demonstrate that both types of violence have an immediate and sustained impact on criminal involvement, although the effect is somewhat stronger for nonfamily victimization, and for both types, the relationship tends to weaken over time. In addition, those experiencing both types of victimization report a higher frequency of offending compared to those experiencing only one type. The findings indicate the need for prevention programs aimed at decreasing the prevalence of adolescent victimization, as well as intervention efforts to help victims from becoming offenders.

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Chronic Social Defeat During Adolescence Induces Short- and Long-Term Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Effects in Male Swiss-Webster Mice

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnbeh.2021.734054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Héctor Miguel Mancha-Gutiérrez ◽

Erika Estrada-Camarena ◽

Lilian Mayagoitia-Novales ◽

Elena López-Pacheco ◽

Carolina López-Rubalcava

Keyword(s):

Early Adolescence ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Social Defeat ◽

Adolescent Male ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Barnes Maze ◽

Short And Long Term

Chronic stress exposure during adolescence is a significant risk factor for the development of depression. Chronic social defeat (CSD) in rodents is an animal model of depression with excellent ethological, predictive, discriminative, and face validity. Because the CSD model has not been thoroughly examined as a model of stress-induced depression within the adolescence stage, the present study analyzed the short- and long-term behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of CSD during early adolescence. Therefore, adolescent male Swiss-Webster (SW) mice were exposed to the CSD model from postnatal day (PND) 28 to PND37. Twenty-four hours (mid-adolescence) or 4 weeks (early adulthood) later, mice were tested in two models of depression; the social interaction test (SIT) and forced swimming test (FST); cognitive deficits were evaluated in the Barnes maze (BM). Finally, corticosterone and testosterone content was measured before, during, and after CSD exposure, and serotonin transporter (SERT) autoradiography was studied after CSD in adolescent and adult mice. CSD during early adolescence induced enduring depression-like behaviors as inferred from increased social avoidance and immobility behavior in the SIT and FST, respectively, which correlated in an age-dependent manner with SERT binding in the hippocampus; CSD during early adolescence also induced long-lasting learning and memory impairments in the Barnes maze (BM). Finally, CSD during early adolescence increased serum corticosterone levels in mid-adolescence and early adulthood and delayed the expected increase in serum testosterone levels observed at this age. In conclusion: (1) CSD during early adolescence induced long-lasting depression-like behaviors, (2) sensitivity of SERT density during normal brain development was revealed, (3) CSD during early adolescence induced enduring cognitive deficits, and (4) results highlight the vulnerability of the adolescent brain to social stressors on the adrenal and gonadal axes, which emphasizes the importance of an adequate interaction between both axes during adolescence for normal development of brain and behavior.

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Too much to choose from? The long-term effects of political fragmentation on electoral turnout

Politics ◽

10.1177/0263395720971210 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026339572097121

Author(s):

Piotr Zagórski

Keyword(s):

Political Socialization ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Party Systems ◽

Significant Rise ◽

Choice Overload ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Parliamentary Elections ◽

Electoral Turnout ◽

Political Scene

How does political socialization in a highly fragmented political scene affect propensity to vote? This article focusses on the long-term relationship between the number of political parties and the propensity to turn out in 96 parliamentary elections between 1996 and 2016 of nearly 100,000 individuals in 31 countries. Although intuitively more options might be expected to translate into a greater likelihood of participating in elections, existing research claims that high levels of party fragmentation instead lead to ‘choice overload’ and alienate citizens from voting. Building on the theory of voting as a habit, I show that early adulthood political socialization in a highly fragmented context leaves a footprint of non-voting in subsequent elections. This finding is especially relevant given the recent significant rise in fragmentation of most party systems in Europe, which in light of this research could mean a further decline in turnout rates in many countries in the future.

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