Norms for healthy adults aged 18–87 years for the Cognitive Drug Research System: An automated set of tests of attention, information processing and memory for use in clinical trials

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A Wesnes ◽  
Cynthia McNamara ◽  
Peter Annas
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Research System

scholarly journals The effects of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) supplementation on the cognitive performance of young healthy adults – a Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Fanaras Konstantinos ◽  
Reinhard Heun
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Natural Health Products ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Paullinia Cupana

AbstractObjectivesGuarana (Paullinia cupana) from the Sapindaceae family, native to the Amazon basin, is a natural stimulant herb that can be found in popular energy drinks, pharmaceutical shops or local herb shops. With the use of natural health products increasing, guarana has gained a fair amount of popularity in the past years. In this systematic review, we examined the effects of guarana supplementation on cognitive performance. A secondary objective was to compare guarana with caffeine on cognitive performance.MethodsSearches were made in PubMed using the terms ‘Guarana’ or ‘Paullinia cupana’. Filters focused on Controlled Clinical trials. Inclusion criteria were met by studies using interventions with guarana, while focusing on guarana’s effects on cognition. Participants needed to be young, healthy adults. Studies not published in English or Greek were excluded. The last date of our search was March 7, 2019.ResultsA total of 29 studies were identified and screened. After screening, 17 studies were excluded. The remaining 12 studies were found eligible for data extraction. After reading the full text of the 12 studies, 3 studies were excluded. In the end, 9 studies were found eligible for our systematic review (n = 369 participants). In these studies, guarana showed to improve reaction time and accuracy of performance at cognitive tasks. No significant differences were found when comparing guarana with caffeine.ConclusionGuarana seems to improve reaction time and accuracy of performance at tasks, but no significant effects were found when compared with caffeine. High quality randomized controlled clinical trials with a low risk of bias are needed to further study the herb.

Investigational Hypoxia-Activated Prodrugs: Making Sense of Future Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 668-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Xia Su ◽  
Le-Le Zhang ◽  
Zhang-Jian Huang ◽  
Jia-Jie Shi ◽  
Jin-Jian Lu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Patient Selection ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Different Types

Hypoxia, which occurs in most cancer cases, disrupts the efficacy of anticarcinogens. Fortunately, hypoxia itself is a potential target for cancer treatment. Hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs) can be selectively activated by reductase under hypoxia. Some promising HAPs have been already achieved, and many clinical trials of HAPs in different types of cancer are ongoing. However, none of them has been approved in clinic to date. From the studies on HAPs began, some achievements are obtained but more challenges are put forward. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of HAPs to discuss the strategies for HAPs development. According to the research status and results of these studies, administration pattern, reductase activity, and patient selection need to be taken into consideration to further improve the efficacy of existing HAPs. As the requirement of new drug research and development, design of optimal preclinical models and clinical trials are quite important in HAPs development, while different drug delivery systems and anticancer drugs with different mechanisms can be sources of novel HAPs.

scholarly journals Effects of Alum Adjuvant or a Booster Dose on Immunogenicity during Clinical Trials of Group B Streptococcal Type III Conjugate Vaccines

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6696-6701 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Paoletti ◽  
M. A. Rench ◽  
D. L. Kasper ◽  
D. Molrine ◽  
D. Ambrosino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACT Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of group B streptococcal (GBS) capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-protein conjugate vaccines in healthy adults have demonstrated their safety and improved immunogenicity compared with uncoupled CPSs. Two recent trials sought to determine (i) whether adsorption of conjugate vaccine to aluminum hydroxide would improve immunogenicity and (ii) whether the CPS-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response could be boosted by administration of a second dose. Adsorption of GBS type III CPS-tetanus toxoid (III-TT) conjugate vaccine to alum did not improve the immune response to a 12.5-μg dose in healthy adult recipients. Four weeks after vaccination, the geometric mean antibody concentrations (GMCs) for the 15 recipients of III-TT with or without alum were 3.3 and 3.6 μg/ml, respectively. In the second trial, 36 healthy adults vaccinated previously with GBS III-TT conjugate were given a second 12.5-μg dose 21 months later. At 4 weeks after the second dose, the GMCs of type III CPS-specific IgG were similar to those measured 4 weeks after the primary vaccination, suggesting a lack of a booster response. However, 8 (22%) of the 36 participants who had undetectable III CPS-specific IgG (<0.05 μg/ml) before the first dose of III-TT conjugate exhibited a booster response to the second dose, with a fourfold-greater GMC of type III CPS-specific IgG than after the initial immunization. These results suggest that prior natural exposure to type III GBS or a related antigen may be responsible for the brisk IgG response to CPS noted in most adults after vaccination. However, a second dose of GBS III-TT conjugate vaccine may be required for adults whose initial CPS-specific IgG concentrations are very low and would also restore the initial peak-specific III CPS-IgG in responders to previous vaccination.

scholarly journals INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATION OF ALGORITHMS FOR DATA MINING

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Jasmin Malkić ◽  
◽  
Nermin Sarajlić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
To Receive

Interdisciplinary application of data mining is linked with the ability to receive and process the large amounts of data. Although even the first computers could help in executing the tasks that required accuracy and reliability atypical to the human way of information processing, only increasing the speed of computer processors and advances in computer science have introduced the possibility that computers can play a more active role in decision making. Applications of these features are found in medicine, where data mining is used in clinical trials to determine the factors that influence health, and examine the effectiveness of medical treatments. With its ability to detect patterns and similarities within the data, data mining can help determine the statistical significance, pointing to the complex combinations of factors that cause certain effect. Such approach opens the opportunities of deeper analysis than it is the case with reliance solely on statistics.

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