scholarly journals Studies on the Pathogenesis of Swine Dysentery

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Wilcock ◽  
H. J. Olander
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Perfusion Studies ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Treponema Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Colonic Secretion ◽  
Mucosal Necrosis

Swine dysentery was induced in pigs and in ligated colonic segments by inoculation of pure cultures of, or colonic contents containing, Treponema hyodysenteriae. The mildest changes, best seen in ligated segments 48 or 72 hours after inoculation, were congestion and leucocytic margination in mucosal capillaries and depletion of mucigen from goblet cells lining the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Superficial mucosal necrosis and crypt cell hyperplasia were later changes. Perfusion studies with India ink did not demonstrate occlusive mucosal ischemia in acute swine dysentery. Mucosa with lesions of swine dysentery contained at least 105 colony forming units of T. hyodysenteriae per gram. Mucosa without lesions had 105 or fewer T. hyodysenteriae per gram. Segments with acute swine dysentery were distended with clear mucoid fluid with electrolyte composition indicative of net colonic secretion. No increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids was detected in content from intact colons or colonic segments with lesions of acute swine dysentery.

Selective medium for isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
J G Songer ◽  
J M Kinyon ◽  
D L Harris
Keyword(s):  
Palladium Catalyst ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Bovine Blood ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Treponema Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

Pure cultures of six pathogenic isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae, the colonic mucosal scrapings of seven pigs with acute swine dysentery, and feces from seven unaffected pigs were diluted in phosphate-buffered saline and plated on Trypticase soy agar with 5% citrated bovine blood (TSA) and TSA with various levels of spectinomycin (TSA-S). The plates were incubated at 42 degrees C in a vented GasPak jar with a cold palladium catalyst and either 80:20 H2-CO2 by evacuation and refilling or a H2-CO2 generator envelope. Viable cell counts of the six pathogenic isolates were not altered by plating on TSA-S with 400 mug of spectinomycin per ml (TSA-S400) as compared with TSA alone. Dilutions of colonic mucosal scrapings from seven pigs with acute swine dysentery showed numbers of T. hyodysenteriae to be unchanged when plated on TSA-S400. Flora other than T. hyodysenteriae present in acute swine dysentery was inhibited, on the average, by 99.99%. Plating of dilutions of feces of unaffected pigs on TSA-S400 showed inhibition of flora that averaged more than 99.9%. Pathogenicity of T. hyodysenteriae was not altered by isolation or serial passage on TSA-S400.

scholarly journals A Study of Swine Dysentery by Immunofluorescence and Histology

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hughes ◽  
H. J. Olander ◽  
D. L. Kanitz ◽  
S. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Normal Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Treponema Hyodysenteriae

Twenty-six specific-pathogen-free pigs were fed pure cultures of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Five untreated pigs were controls. Distribution of this large spirochete in pigs with swine dysentery was shown by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Findings by this method were compared with those from dark-field examination of colonic mucosal scrapings and from tissue sections. The cultures caused mucohemorrhagic colitis which by 10 days after inoculation was indistinguishable from the colitis of swine dysentery. Control pigs remained normal. Pigs killed when spirochetes were first seen in their feces had normal colonic mucosa with only a few spirochetes. At the first sign of diarrhea, however, the colonic mucosa was thicker than normal and had many spirochetes. T. hyodysenteriae was confined to regions of hypertrophy and exudation of the large intestine mucosa throughout the course of disease.

Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic rutin degradation

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1365-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. -J. Cheng ◽  
G. A. Jones ◽  
F. J. Simpson ◽  
M. P. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Heterocyclic Ring ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Rutin Degradation

Fifteen strains of bacteria capable of degrading rutin anaerobically were isolated from bovine rumen contents and identified by morphological and biochemical evidence as strains of Butyrivibrio sp. Three cultures from a laboratory collection of 53 strains of rumen bacteria also used rutin anaerobically. Two, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens D1 and Selenomonas ruminantium GA192, cleaved the glycosidic bond of rutin and fermented the sugar but did not degrade the insoluble aglycone produced; the third strain, Peptostreptococcus sp. B178, degraded the substrate to soluble products. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin, quercitrin, and naringin to water-soluble products, showing that the organism cleaved the heterocyclic ring of these compounds. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 fermented the sugar moiety of hesperidin but did not cleave the heterocyclic ring. It did not attack quercetin, taxifolin, protocatechuic acid, or phloroglucinol. In a medium containing rumen fluid, Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin more than twice as fast as it did in a medium containing enzymatic casein hydrolyzate, volatile fatty acids, yeast extract, and hemin in place of rumen fluid.The observations reported in this paper are believed to represent the first recorded demonstration of degradation of the heterocyclic ring structure of rutin and other bioflavonoids in pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria.

scholarly journals Comparison of Six Commercially Available Transport Media for Maintenance of Serpulina (Treponema) Hyodysenteriae

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Duhamel ◽  
R. J. Bernard ◽  
M. R. Mathiesen ◽  
K. M. Eskridge
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Fecal Flora ◽  
Transport Medium ◽  
Selective Transport ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Treponema Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Anaerobic Media

Two anaerobic (A1 and A2), 1 selective (S1), and 3 conventional (C1, C2, and C3) transport media formulations were compared for their capacity to maintain the viability of Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae. Initial experiments compared the recovery of S. hyodysenteriae from pure cultures held in each transport medium for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days at −40 C, 4 C, 25 C, and 36 C. Subsequent experiments compared each transport medium for maintenance of S. hyodysenteriae in fecal specimens obtained from experimentally infected pigs after holding for up to 7 days at 25 C. In each experiment, the viability of S. hyodysenteriae in each transport medium incubated at each temperature and for each period was determined by inoculating the transport medium onto either trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood or selective BJ agar and incubating at 42 C anaerobically. Viability and fecal flora contamination were evaluated blindly after 2-, 4-, and 6-day incubation periods. At −40 C, recovery of viable S. hyodysenteriae from pure culture did not differ among the transport media from 0.5 to 7 days, and all of the transport media consistently maintained the viability of the spirochetes for 7 days. At 4 C, the anaerobic and selective transport media maintained the viability of pure cultures of S. hyodysenteriae significantly better than did the conventional transport media group at day 7 ( P = 0.019). At the same temperature, the anaerobic media maintained viability better than did the conventional media at 5 days ( P < 0.042). At 25 C, the anaerobic transport media were significantly better than the conventional transport media at maintaining the viability of pure cultures of the spirochetes at 2, 3, and 5 days ( P < 0.018) and were significantly better than the selective medium at 3 days (P = 0.012). At 36 C, the recovery of viable spirochetes was significantly better with the anaerobic transport media than with both the conventional media for days 2–7 ( P < 0.006) and the selective medium for days 3–7 ( P < 0.049). Fecal specimens held in transport media Al and C1, as a group, had significantly higher viability than those held in the other transport media formulations taken as a group at all incubation times, except 0.5 day ( P < 0.0046). Contamination of selective BJ medium by fecal flora was markedly higher after holding fecal specimens in conventional transport media than in anaerobic and selective transport media. In a dilution trial of a pure culture of spirochetes, transport media Al and A2 maintained the viability of 108 S. hyodysenteriae for 7 days; however, medium Al was 10–100-fold more effective than medium A2 when lower initial concentrations of spirochetes were sampled. In a dilution trial of a fecal specimen, medium Al maintained the viability of 101 spirochetes for 2.5 days compared with 103 with medium C1. Overall, media A1 and C1 were the most satisfactory transport media for recovery of viable S. hyodysenteriae from fecal specimens held at 25 C for up to 7 days.

Evaluation of antimicrobial compounds to inhibit growth of select Gram-positive pathogenic or antimicrobial resistant bacteria in air-exposed silage

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Marina Ontiveros-Magadan ◽  
Robin C. Anderson ◽  
Oscar Ruiz-Barrera ◽  
Claudio Arzola-Alvarez ◽  
Jaime Salinas-Chavira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Yeasts And Molds

Spoiled silages can harbor pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant microbes. The potential of some antimicrobial additives to inhibit certain pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in air-exposed silage was measured using pure and mixed bacterial cultures. With pure cultures, laurate and monolaurin (5 mg·mL−1) caused decreases (P < 0.05) of 4 to >7 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)·mL−1 in Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis compared to controls. Ten-fold higher amounts of these inhibitors were needed to equivalently decrease staphylococci. 2-Nitropropanol (1 mg·mL−1) decreased (P < 0.05) E. faecalis and L. monocytogenes 2.9–3.8 and 2.4–7.2 log10 CFU·mL−1 after 6 and 24 h incubations, respectively. In air-exposed whole-plant corn silage the inhibitors caused decreases, although not necessarily significant, of 0.7–2.2 log10 CFU·mL−1 in L. monocytogenes, staphylococci and culturable aerobes after 24 h incubation, with modest yet significant (P < 0.05) inhibition (<0.1–0.3 log10 CFU·mL−1) of yeasts and molds. Tests for carry-over effects against ruminal microbes revealed laurate, monolaurin, and 2-nitropropanol inhibited methanogenesis by >50% (P < 0.05) after 24 h incubation and inhibited L. monocytogenes and enterococci. The antimicrobial activities exhibited by these compounds may yield opportunities to optimize their use to rescue spoiled silages.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Hog Waste Odor through Stimulated Microbial Fe(III) Reduction

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 4728-4735 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Coates ◽  
Kimberly A. Cole ◽  
Urania Michaelidou ◽  
Jennifer Patrick ◽  
Michael J. McInerney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geobacter Sulfurreducens ◽  
Swine Waste ◽  
Geobacter Metallireducens ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Production Facilities

ABSTRACT Odor control and disposal of swine waste have inhibited expansion of swine production facilities throughout the United States. Swine waste odor is associated primarily with high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Here, we demonstrate that stimulated Fe(III) reduction in hog manure can rapidly remove the malodorous compounds and enhance methane production by 200%. As part of these studies, we enumerated the indigenous Fe(III)-reducing population in swine waste and identified members of the family Geobacteraceae as the dominant species. These organisms were present at concentrations as high as 2 × 105 cells g−1. Several pure cultures of Fe(III) reducers, including Geobacter metallireducens, Geobacter humireducens, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Geobacter grbiciae, Geothrix fermentans, and Geovibrio ferrireducens, readily degraded some or all of the malodorous VFAs found in swine manure. In contrast, Shewanella algae did not degrade any of these compounds. We isolated an Fe(III) reducer, Geobacter strain NU, from materials collected from primary swine waste lagoons. This organism degraded all of the malodorous VFAs tested and readily grew in swine waste amended with Fe(III). When raw waste amended with Fe(III) was inoculated with strain NU, the VFA content rapidly decreased, corresponding with an almost complete removal of the odor. In contrast, the raw waste without Fe(III) or strain NU showed a marked increase in VFA content and a rapid pH drop. This study showed that Fe(III) supplementation combined with appropriate bioaugmentation provides a simple, cost-effective approach to deodorize and treat swine waste, removing a significant impediment to the expansion of pork production facilities.

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