Sustainable Materials: A Review of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Utilization as Pavement Material

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Sustainable Materials ◽

Pavement Layers

In this paper, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on the utilization of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), which is the dominant construction and demolition waste material, in base and subbase layers and its comparison with natural aggregate (NA). The effects of crushing on the particles as a result of the compaction on the resilient modulus, permanent deformation, and California Bearing Ratio are analyzed. The paper also contains the NA consumption and waste disposal policies of different countries, RCA standards, and the environmental-economic reasons for its use. This literature review mainly focuses on pavement layers as this is the main application of RCA in the use of recycled materials. Developing integrated construction and demolition waste management will help achieve the primary goal of preventing and reducing the generation of these wastes, both locally and globally. In this way, not only is the main purpose of preventing the increase in the production of construction and demolition waste achieved, but also the reuse and recycling of the waste materials produced are encouraged. Results show that RCA has equivalent or better performance than virgin aggregate for almost any application with proper care and process control, and can be used in unbound pavement layers or other applications requiring compaction. But it is always recommended that its mechanical properties and durability performance be evaluated with full-scale tests before use. The information provided will be useful for contractors and engineers to evaluate alternative solutions and to explore the rational use of such sustainable materials in applications.

Influence of Partial Coarse Fraction Substitution of Natural Aggregate by Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Hot Asphalt Mixtures

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12010250 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 250 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Debora Acosta Álvarez ◽

Anadelys Alonso Aenlle ◽

Antonio José Tenza-Abril ◽

Salvador Ivorra

Keyword(s):

Asphalt Concrete ◽

Coarse Fraction ◽

Asphalt Mixtures ◽

Recycled Concrete ◽

Recycled Aggregate ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Natural Aggregate

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the properties of hot asphalt mixtures that have been manufactured with different recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) percentages (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the fraction 5–13 mm) and asphalt (4%, 4.5% and 5%). Dense asphalt mixtures were made; partially replacing the natural aggregate (NA) fraction between 5 and 13 mm. Marshall specimens were manufactured to determine the main properties of the asphalt concrete (AC) in terms of density, voids, stability and deformation. Additionally, the optimal asphalt content (OAC) was determined, and measured the water sensibility, the stiffness modulus and the permanent deformation. The results corroborate the potential for using these sources of construction and demolition waste (CDW) as a RCA in asphalt concrete and show that the hot asphalt mixtures with up to 40% substitution of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate in the fraction 5–13 mm present good behavior.

Concrete-Based and Mixed Waste Aggregates in Rendering Mortars

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13081976 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1976 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Samuel Roque ◽

Cinthia Maia Pederneiras ◽

Catarina Brazão Farinha ◽

Jorge de Brito ◽

Rosário Veiga

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Strength ◽

Recycled Concrete ◽

Recycled Aggregate ◽

Recycled Aggregates ◽

Accelerated Ageing ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Cement Mortars

This paper presents a study of incorporation of two types of construction and demolition waste (CDW) in rendering mortars, as aggregates at 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% (by volume). Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and mixed recycled aggregate (MRA) were used. The former is mainly composed of cementitious waste and the latter consists of a mixture of non-segregated wastes. The performance of the cement mortars with recycled aggregates was evaluated through an extensive experimental programme. The analysis comprised workability, mechanical strength, water absorption, shrinkage, open porosity and the evaluation of durability by permeability to water under pressure after an artificial accelerated ageing test. The results are considered positive, although as the incorporation of recycled aggregates (both MRA and RCA) increased the mechanical strength, the modulus of elasticity and bulk density decreased, which leads to the production of lighter mortars that are less susceptible to cracking. The modified mortar with 20% of MRA presented the best performance, in terms of mechanical behaviour.

VERIFICATION OF THE BASIC PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AND NATURAL AGGREGATES

Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings ◽

10.14311/app.2019.22.0067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 67-71

Author(s):

Karel Mikulica ◽

Iveta Hájková

Keyword(s):

Recycled Concrete ◽

Recycled Aggregates ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Building Structures ◽

Apartment Building ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Concrete Mixtures ◽

Natural Aggregates

In the future, it is planned to use up to 50% of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) for the production of new building structures. This leads us to think about how we can use recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a substitute for natural aggregate (NA) in concrete mixtures. This is why we compare the two typical representatives of recycled aggregates with a representative of natural aggregates. As a representative of recycled aggregates, we chose pure concrete recycled from the cutting of concrete and mixed recyclate from the demolition of the apartment building. As a representative of natural stone, we chose the extracted aggregate.

Long-Term Performance Evaluation of Concrete Pavements Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Oklahoma

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198119839977 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2673 (5) ◽

pp. 429-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Xijun Shi ◽

Anol Mukhopadhyay ◽

Dan Zollinger

Keyword(s):

Performance Evaluation ◽

Surface Condition ◽

Concrete Pavement ◽

Recycled Concrete ◽

Base Layer ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Weak Zone

To overcome the challenges associated with natural aggregate shortage and the disposal of construction and demolition waste, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) has been increasingly used in Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement as a virgin aggregate replacement. The work in this study involved conducting a performance evaluation of the existing RCA-PCC pavements in Oklahoma from different aspects, including: laboratory determination of mechanical properties; a petrographic examination of the concrete; a field evaluation using a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing; and distress surveys to assess pavement behavior. The laboratory testing of the field cores confirmed that the addition of RCA into PCC causes a reduction in the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength; the reclaimed mortar was found to be the primary weak zone through which cracks pass. The surface condition survey data and analysis of the FWD results match each other, indicating that the RCA joined plain concrete pavement (JPCP) section exhibited lower performance compared with the control JPCP section. But this trend was not as definitive for continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). The relatively good performance of the RCA CRCP results from the section being rested on a stronger asphalt concrete base layer. Additionally, the inherent stiffness fundamental to the behavior of CRCP provides a superior level of protection of the base from erosion damage compared with a jointed pavement. The findings indicate that erosion-resistant base support and good load transfer are essential design considerations for JPCP made of RCA-PCC. CRCP appears to be more suitable for the use of RCA-PCC.

Overall assessment of alkali-silica reaction affected recycled concrete aggregate mixtures derived from construction and demolition waste

Cement and Concrete Research ◽

10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106350 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 142 ◽

pp. 106350

Author(s):

Yufeng Zhu ◽

Andisheh Zahedi ◽

Leandro F.M. Sanchez ◽

Benoit Fournier ◽

Sean Beauchemin

Keyword(s):

Recycled Concrete ◽

Alkali Silica Reaction ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Demolition Waste

Behavior of a hot mix asphalt made with recycled concrete aggregate and crumb rubber

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/cjce-2018-0443 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 544-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marcio Muniz de Farias ◽

Ferney Quiñonez Sinisterra ◽

Hugo Alexander Rondón Quintana

Keyword(s):

Hot Mix Asphalt ◽

Resilient Modulus ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Moisture Damage ◽

Crumb Rubber ◽

Recycled Concrete ◽

Asphalt Binders ◽

Experimental Program ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Recycled Concrete Aggregate

An experimental program was devised to evaluate the effect on the resistance of a hot mix asphalt, due to the total replacement of a natural aggregate (limestone — LS) by a recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Two asphalt binders were used: conventional AC 50-70 (penetration grade) and AC 50-70 modified with crumb rubber (CRM). The mechanical properties investigated were the stability and flow ratio (Marshall test), indirect tensile strength, resistance to abrasion (Cantabro test), resilient modulus, resistance to permanent deformation, to fatigue and to moisture damage (modified Lottman test). When the LS is completely replaced by RCA, the resistance under monotonic loading, moisture damage and permanent deformation improved, the mass loss in the Cantabro test and the resilient modulus shows appropriate values, however, the fatigue resistance decreases. Besides, mixtures with RCA using CRM binder showed lower fatigue life under stress controlled tests, but much better rutting resistance.

Limitations on the Use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement in Structural Concrete

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112210901 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 10901

Author(s):

Salma Jaawani ◽

Annalisa Franco ◽

Giuseppina De Luca ◽

Orsola Coppola ◽

Antonio Bonati

Keyword(s):

Asphalt Pavement ◽

Recycled Concrete ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Recycled Asphalt Pavement ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Structural Concrete ◽

Recycled Asphalt ◽

Minimum Requirements

Recycled materials from construction and demolition waste, such as recycled concrete aggregate, recycled brick aggregate, or recycled asphalt coming from the milling of road/motorway surfaces, are the key for a sustainable production of concrete. This paper reviews in particular the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates in the production of concrete for structural uses. An overview is initially presented to describe the different areas of use of RAP, its definition and the limitations imposed by codes and standards. Relatively to the experimental data provided by the literature, a comparison with the Italian minimum requirements is also provided. Lastly, the influence of RAP on the characteristics of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, Young’s Modulus and a study of durability are presented to define the possible applications of RAP in structural concrete in relation to the current allowable percentage of substitution.

Experimental Study with Cement Mortars Made with Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Reinforced with Aramid Fibers

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11177791 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (17) ◽

pp. 7791

Author(s):

Alberto Morón ◽

Daniel Ferrández ◽

Pablo Saiz ◽

Carlos Morón

Keyword(s):

Construction Materials ◽

Recycled Concrete ◽

Recycled Aggregates ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Aramid Fibers ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Cement Mortars

The reuse of construction and demolition waste is a necessary way to achieve greater sustainability in building, introducing the criteria of the so-called circular economy in the design of the production process of new construction materials. This research focuses on analyzing the properties of mortars made with recycled aggregates from concrete waste and reinforced with aramid fibers. For this purpose, an experimental campaign was carried out, including chemical, physical, mechanical and durability tests, performing a statistical analysis to discuss the different properties analyzed. The results show how the incorporation of aramid fibers in the matrix of cement mortars made with recycled concrete aggregate improves their technical performance and mechanical resistance, thus increasing their application possibilities and achieving similar results in some properties to those obtained with traditional mortars made with natural aggregate.