scholarly journals Serum Cholesterol Level Comparison: Control Subjects, Anxiety Disorder Patients, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Peter ◽  
Iver Hand ◽  
Fritz Hohagen ◽  
Anne Koenig ◽  
Olaf Mindermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Objective: To determine whether panic disorder is associated with elevated serum cholesterol levels. Serum cholesterol levels of panic disorder patients are reported to be elevated. This could explain the higher-than-expected cardiovascular mortality in this population. Some evidence exists wherein cholesterol levels are also increased in patients with general anxiety disorder and phobias. To date, there are only 2 reports on cholesterol levels of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, giving controversial results. Method: We compared serum cholesterol levels of anxiety disorder patients, OCD patients, and normal control subjects with each other ( n = 60 in each group). Serum cholesterol was measured in each subject before treatment. Subjects of the 3 groups were matched by age and sex. Results: Patients with anxiety disorders and OCD had elevated cholesterol levels, compared with normal control subjects. Cholesterol levels in OCD patients were comparable with those in patients with phobia. Conclusions: Our data support the assumption that elevation in cholesterol level is not a specific feature of panic disorder (as most assumed), but more generally associated with anxiety disorders. Increased cholesterol levels in patients with anxiety disorders and OCD may be of clinical relevance.

Serum Cholesterol in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder during Treatment with Behavior Therapy and SSRI or Placebo

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Peter ◽  
Susanne Tabrizian ◽  
Iver Hand
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Elevated Cholesterol ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders ◽  
Compulsive Disorders

Objective: Patients with panic disorder are reported to have elevated cholesterol levels. There is also some evidence that cholesterol elevation is not so much a specific condition in panic disorder but is generally associated with anxiety. So far, there is little data on cholesterol levels in patients with obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) which is also classified as anxiety disorder. Method: Thirty-three patients with OCD participated in the study. Serum cholesterol was measured as pretreatment and at the end of a ten-week treatment-period. All patients received behavior therapy and, in a double-blind fashion, fluvoxamine or placebo. Severity of OCD was assessed by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Results: Pretreatment cholesterol values of OCD patients were compared with cholesterol levels of thirty panic disorder patients and thirty normal controls. OCD patients had elevated cholesterol levels comparable with those of panic disorder patients. Cholesterol levels decreased significantly from pre- to posttreatment. OCD patients with high cholesterol levels (≥ 240 mg/dl, n = 7) could make best use of the treatment whereas patients with desirable cholesterol levels (< 200 mg/dl, n = 11) did not change their cholesterol during treatment. Conclusions: Our data support the assumption that not only panic disorder but also other anxiety disorders, e.g., obsessive compulsive disorders, may be associated with serum cholesterol elevations. Effective treatment (behavior therapy and/or treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI]) seems to decrease cholesterol levels, especially in patients with pathological cholesterol elevations.

scholarly journals The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1019-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Ansell ◽  
A. Pinto ◽  
M. O. Edelen ◽  
J. C. Markowitz ◽  
C. A. Sanislow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

BackgroundThis study prospectively examined the natural clinical course of six anxiety disorders over 7 years of follow-up in individuals with personality disorders (PDs) and/or major depressive disorder. Rates of remission, relapse, new episode onset and chronicity of anxiety disorders were examined for specific associations with PDs.MethodParticipants were 499 patients with anxiety disorders in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study, who were assessed with structured interviews for psychiatric disorders at yearly intervals throughout 7 years of follow-up. These data were used to determine probabilities of changes in disorder status for social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia.ResultsEstimated remission rates for anxiety disorders in this study group ranged from 73% to 94%. For those patients who remitted from an anxiety disorder, relapse rates ranged from 34% to 67%. Rates for new episode onsets of anxiety disorders ranged from 3% to 17%. Specific PDs demonstrated associations with remission, relapse, new episode onsets and chronicity of anxiety disorders. Associations were identified between schizotypal PD with course of SP, PTSD and GAD; avoidant PD with course of SP and OCD; obsessive-compulsive PD with course of GAD, OCD, and agoraphobia; and borderline PD with course of OCD, GAD and panic with agoraphobia.ConclusionsFindings suggest that specific PD diagnoses have negative prognostic significance for the course of anxiety disorders underscoring the importance of assessing and considering PD diagnoses in patients with anxiety disorders.

Panic Attacks and Anxiety Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

This review discusses the acute diagnosis and management of panic and anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders in the country and are a relatively common cause of presentation to the emergency department. Most anxiety disorders can be conceptualized as fear- or phobia-based disorders, including panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Each of these disorders is discussed, including prevalence and common clinical presentations. The initial evaluation of patients with a suspected or diagnosed anxiety disorder will be based on their current symptoms. Some patients may be highly agitated and may require deescalation or sedation to perform a reasonable history and physical examination. To achieve this, providers should ensure their own safety first, with attention to the physical layout of the emergency department, ensuring that they are closer to the room exit than the patient (so that they cannot be trapped). The presence of police or security may be necessary to provide optimal care and an appropriate evaluation. Typical treatment of acute exacerbations of anxiety disorders includes medical management, most often benzodiazepines, which can provide immediate relief. Psychiatric consultation may be necessary in certain cases. For most patients, outpatient management rather than inpatient admission will lead to the most effective management of their anxiety.   Key words: anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobia, stress disorder This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 17 tables, and 29 references.

Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: A Comparison of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Panic Disorder

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Lochner ◽  
Modise Mogotsi ◽  
Pieter L. du Toit ◽  
Debra Kaminer ◽  
Dana J. Niehaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 404-432
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Piggott ◽  
Alexandra N. Duran ◽  
Isha Jalnapurkar ◽  
Tyler Kimm ◽  
Stephanie Linscheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Psychosocial Influences ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Women are more likely than men to meet lifetime criteria for an anxiety disorder. Moreover, anxiety is a risk factor for the development of other psychiatric conditions, including major depression. Numerous studies have identified evidence of sex differences in anxiety disorders, and there is considerable research concerning factors that may contribute to vulnerability for anxiety in females. In addition to psychosocial influences, biological components such as the female reproductive hormone cycle have also been implicated. Although psychotropic medication is more likely to be prescribed to women, there is little controlled data available concerning sex differences in the efficacy and/or tolerability of pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of gender in the epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and treatment response in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

scholarly journals Long-Term Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Videoconference-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder in Japan: One-Year Follow-Up of a Single-Arm Trial (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuki Matsumoto ◽  
Sayo Hamatani ◽  
Kazue Nagai ◽  
Chihiro Sutoh ◽  
Akiko Nakagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

BACKGROUND Face-to-face individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and internet-based CBT (ICBT) without videoconferencing are known to have long-term effectiveness for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, videoconference-delivered CBT (VCBT) has not been investigated regarding its long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of VCBT for patients with OCD, PD, or SAD in Japan via a 1-year follow-up to our previous 16-week single-arm study. METHODS Written informed consent was obtained from 25 of 29 eligible patients with OCD, PD, and SAD who had completed VCBT in our clinical trial. Participants were assessed at baseline, end of treatment, and at the follow-up end points of 3, 6, and 12 months. Outcomes were the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9), General Anxiety Disorder–7 (GAD-7), and EuroQol-5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L). To analyze long-term effectiveness, we used mixed-model analysis of variance. To analyze cost-effectiveness, we employed relevant public data and derived data on VCBT implementation costs from Japanese national health insurance data. RESULTS Four males and 21 females with an average age of 35.1 (SD 8.6) years participated in the 1-year follow-up study. Principal diagnoses were OCD (n=10), PD (n=7), and SAD (n=8). The change at 12 months on the Y-BOCS was −4.1 (<i>F</i><sub>1</sub>=4.45, <i>P</i>=.04), the change in PDSS was −4.4 (<i>F</i><sub>1</sub>=6.83, <i>P</i>=.001), and the change in LSAS was −30.9 (<i>F</i><sub>1</sub>=6.73, <i>P</i>=.01). The change in the PHQ-9 at 12 months was −2.7 (<i>F</i><sub>1</sub>=7.72, <i>P</i>=.007), and the change in the GAD-7 was −3.0 (<i>F</i><sub>1</sub>=7.09, <i>P</i>=.009). QALY at 12 months was 0.7469 (SE 0.0353, 95% Cl 0.6728-0.821), and the change was a significant increase of 0.0379 (<i>P</i>=.01). Total costs to provide the VCBT were ¥60,800 to ¥81,960 per patient. The set threshold was ¥189,500 ($1723, €1579, and £1354) calculated based on willingness to pay in Japan. CONCLUSIONS VCBT was a cost-effective way to effectively treat Japanese patients with OCD, PD, or SAD. CLINICALTRIAL University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000026609; https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000030495

TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Greenberg ◽  
Sarah H. Lisanby
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Systematic Testing ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Disorder Treatment

A few studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an anxiety disorder treatment have been reported. In treatment studies, the focal application of TMS in the treatment of anxiety disorders has been guided by the present understanding of the neurocircuitry underlying these disorders. This article reviews the current state of the literature on the uses of TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders, and discusses the implications for understanding their patho-etiology. Investigation of the possible therapeutic effects of repetitive TMS in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or any anxiety disorder remains at a preliminary stage. There have been promising initial observations in OCD, which require systematic testing in controlled studies. As far as PTSD is concerned, the available data suggest that additional TMS work is required. The observations need to be replicated in controlled settings to determine whether this approach will have value in treating anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Comparative Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Tyagi ◽  
Rupal Patel ◽  
Fabienne Rughooputh ◽  
Hannah Abrahams ◽  
Andrew J. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of comorbid eating disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and other common anxiety disorders.Method. 179 patients from the same geographical area with a diagnosis of OCD or an anxiety disorder were divided into two groups based on their primary diagnosis. The prevalence of a comorbid eating disorder was calculated in both groups.Results. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of comorbid eating disorders between the OCD and other anxiety disorders group.Conclusions. These results suggest that the prevalence of comorbid eating disorders does not differ in anxiety disorders when compared with OCD. However, in both groups, it remains statistically higher than that of the general population.

Anxiety disorders and the onset of depression among adults in the community

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENEE D. GOODWIN
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Panic Attack ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Sociodemographic Differences ◽  
Co Morbidity

Objective. To determine the association between anxiety disorders, panic attack and the risk of major depression among adults in the community.Method. Data were drawn from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program survey waves 1 (N = 20291) and 2 (N = 15849). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk of incident major depression at 12-month follow-up (wave 2) associated with each anxiety disorder and panic attacks assessed at wave 1, adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics, and then controlling simultaneously for all anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric co-morbidity.Results. Specific phobia (OR = 1.7 (1.6, 1.8)), agoraphobia (OR = 2.3 (2.2, 2.5)), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OR = 5.4 (5.0, 5.8)) and panic attack (OR = 1.9 (1.8, 2.1)) each made an independent contribution to the risk of major depression, which persisted after adjusting simultaneously for sociodemographic differences and other psychiatric co-morbidity. Conclusions. Each anxiety disorder and panic attacks appear to confer an independent risk for the onset of major depression within 12-months among adults in the community. Understanding the key role played by anxiety in depression onset is needed for prevention strategies.

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