Comparative Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of comorbid eating disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and other common anxiety disorders.Method. 179 patients from the same geographical area with a diagnosis of OCD or an anxiety disorder were divided into two groups based on their primary diagnosis. The prevalence of a comorbid eating disorder was calculated in both groups.Results. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of comorbid eating disorders between the OCD and other anxiety disorders group.Conclusions. These results suggest that the prevalence of comorbid eating disorders does not differ in anxiety disorders when compared with OCD. However, in both groups, it remains statistically higher than that of the general population.

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Predicting Eating Disorder and Anxiety Symptoms Using Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Polygenic Scores

10.1101/2020.07.02.20142844 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zeynep Yilmaz ◽

Katherine Schaumberg ◽

Matt Halvorsen ◽

Erica L. Goodman ◽

Leigh C. Brosof ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Polygenic Scores

Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic findings support an overlap between eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety symptoms. However, little research has examined the role of genetic factors in the expression of eating disorders and OCD/anxiety phenotypes. We examined whether the anorexia nervosa (AN), OCD, or AN/OCD transdiagnostic polygenic scores (PGS) predict eating disorders, OCD, and anxiety symptoms in a large population-based developmental cohort. Using summary statistics files from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Freeze 2 AN and Freeze 1 OCD GWAS, we first conducted an AN/OCD transdiagnostic GWAS meta-analysis and then calculated PGS for AN, OCD, and AN/OCD in participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with available genetic and phenotype data on eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety diagnoses and symptoms (sample size 3,212-5,369 per phenotype). We observed sex differences in the PGS prediction of eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety-related phenotypes, with AN genetic risk manifesting at an earlier age and playing a more prominent role in eating disorder phenotypes in boys than in girls. Compulsive exercise was the only phenotype predicted by all three PGS (e.g., PAN(boys)=0.0141 at age 14; POCD(girls)=0.0070 at age 16; PAN/OCD(all)=0.0297 at age 14). Our results suggest that earlier detection of eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety-related symptoms could be made possible by including measurement of genetic risk for these psychiatric conditions while being mindful of sex differences.

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Behaviour

10.1093/med:psych/9780198528883.003.0006 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Allison G. Harvey ◽

Edward Watkins ◽

Warren Mansell ◽

Roz Shafran

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Sleep Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Somatoform Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Substance Related Disorders ◽

Safety Signals

Chapter 6 reviews the literature on behavioural processes and draws conclusions about the extent to which they are transdiagnostic. Three behavioural processes considered are escape/avoidance, within-situation safety-seeking behaviours, and ineffective safety-signals. These processes are considered in the context of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), somatoform disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, and substance-related disorders).

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Magical Thinking in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1017/s1352465810000883 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 399-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bonnie West ◽

Paul Willner

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽

Generalized Anxiety ◽

Clinical Group ◽

Magical Thinking ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background: Magical thinking (MT), which has historically been associated with psychotic disorders, has more recently been found to be a central cognitive construct in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) that is associated with a poor prognosis (Einstein and Menzies, 2008). Although MT has been found to distinguish OCD from Panic Disorder (PD) (Einstein and Menzies, 2006), little is known about its role in other anxiety disorders. Aims: This study aimed to compare whether elevated levels of magical thinking could distinguish individuals with OCD from non-anxious controls and individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Method: The Magical Ideation Scale (MIS, Eckblad and Chapman, 1983) was used to compare levels of magical thinking in groups of individuals with OCD (n = 40), GAD (n = 15), and a normal control group (n = 19). Results: As expected, the mean MIS score of the OCD group was significantly higher than that of the non-clinical group. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the mean MIS scores of the OCD and GAD group. However, the results of correlational analyses suggest that it may have differing roles in these disorders. Conclusions: Although elevated MT is evident in individuals with OCD, it may not be specific to OCD and may also be prominent in GAD. Further research is recommended to elucidate the exact role of this construct in these disorders.

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Panic Attacks and Anxiety Disorders

10.2310/em.4192 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Curtis Wittmann

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Panic Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Panic Attacks ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

This review discusses the acute diagnosis and management of panic and anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders in the country and are a relatively common cause of presentation to the emergency department. Most anxiety disorders can be conceptualized as fear- or phobia-based disorders, including panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Each of these disorders is discussed, including prevalence and common clinical presentations. The initial evaluation of patients with a suspected or diagnosed anxiety disorder will be based on their current symptoms. Some patients may be highly agitated and may require deescalation or sedation to perform a reasonable history and physical examination. To achieve this, providers should ensure their own safety first, with attention to the physical layout of the emergency department, ensuring that they are closer to the room exit than the patient (so that they cannot be trapped). The presence of police or security may be necessary to provide optimal care and an appropriate evaluation. Typical treatment of acute exacerbations of anxiety disorders includes medical management, most often benzodiazepines, which can provide immediate relief. Psychiatric consultation may be necessary in certain cases. For most patients, outpatient management rather than inpatient admission will lead to the most effective management of their anxiety. Key words: anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobia, stress disorder This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 17 tables, and 29 references.

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Obsessional states: anxiety disorders or schizotypes? An information processing and personality assessment

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329170001713x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 621-627 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Simon J. Enright ◽

Anthony R. Beech

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Selective Attention ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Personality Assessment ◽

Normal Population ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Inhibitory Mechanisms

SynopsisThis paper presents evidence that on an information processing task, designed to investigate putative inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention, obsessive compulsive disordered individuals can be clearly distinguished from other anxiety disorder clients and show significantly higher scores on questionnaire measures designed to detect schizotypy in the normal population. It is suggested that these results provide some support for the idea that obsessive compulsive disorder may be misclassified as an anxiety disorder and may in fact be categorically more closely aligned to the schizophrenic constellation of disorders.

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Combination Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders

10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0016 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cindy J. Aaronson ◽

Gary Katzman ◽

Rachel L. Moster

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Clinical wisdom and intuition suggest that when treating major depression and/or anxiety disorders, combining two documented efficacious treatments such as antidepressants and psychotherapy would improve outcome. However, the data do not completely support this conclusion. This chapter reviews randomized clinical trials comparing combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy with monotherapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder in adults. Although DSM-V no longer categorizes posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder as anxiety disorders, the authors continue to include them in this chapter.

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Is obsessive–compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder, and what, if any, are spectrum conditions? A family study perspective

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291711000742 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

O. J. Bienvenu ◽

J. F. Samuels ◽

L. A. Wuyek ◽

K.-Y. Liang ◽

Y. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Family Study ◽

General Pattern ◽

Family Data ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

First Degree Relatives ◽

Co Morbidity

BackgroundExperts have proposed removing obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) from the anxiety disorders section and grouping it with putatively related conditions in DSM-5. The current study uses co-morbidity and familiality data to inform these issues.MethodCase family data from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study (382 OCD-affected probands and 974 of their first-degree relatives) were compared with control family data from the Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study (73 non-OCD-affected probands and 233 of their first-degree relatives).ResultsAnxiety disorders (especially agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder), cluster C personality disorders (especially obsessive–compulsive and avoidant), tic disorders, somatoform disorders (hypochondriasis and body dysmorphic disorder), grooming disorders (especially trichotillomania and pathological skin picking) and mood disorders (especially unipolar depressive disorders) were more common in case than control probands; however, the prevalences of eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia nervosa), other impulse-control disorders (pathological gambling, pyromania, kleptomania) and substance dependence (alcohol or drug) did not differ between the groups. The same general pattern was evident in relatives of case versus control probands. Results in relatives did not differ markedly when adjusted for demographic variables and proband diagnosis of the same disorder, though the strength of associations was lower when adjusted for OCD in relatives. Nevertheless, several anxiety, depressive and putative OCD-related conditions remained significantly more common in case than control relatives when adjusting for all of these variables simultaneously.ConclusionsOn the basis of co-morbidity and familiality, OCD appears related both to anxiety disorders and to some conditions currently classified in other sections of DSM-IV.

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Cognitive Errors and Psychological Resilience in Patients With Social Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study

Hospital Practices and Research ◽

10.15171/hpr.2019.04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 25-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Leila Salek Ebrahimi ◽

Seyedeh Elnaz Mousavi ◽

Banafsheh Gharraee ◽

Jahangir Mohammadi Bytamar ◽

Mohsen Saberi Isfeedvajani

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Psychological Resilience ◽

Cognitive Errors ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Cognitive errors have been presented as effective factors in the creation and continuation of obsessive– compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder. Psychological resilience is an important factor in the tolerance of cognitive errors. Objective: The present study aimed to compare cognitive errors and the psychological resilience of patients with social anxiety disorder and those with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated a total of 60 patients, 30 with social anxiety disorder and 30 with obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), seen at a hospital in Zanjan city, Iran, in 2017. Participants were aged between 15 and 50 years. Participants were chosen using convenience sampling and on the basis of psychiatrist diagnosis and structured diagnostic interviews (SCID-I, II) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CET) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used to assess the variables. Results: A significant difference was observed between the two patient groups in the cognitive errors components (P≤0.05). In patients with OCD, the highest average rate of cognitive errors was related to catastrophizing and splitting error. In patients with SAD, the highest mean rate of cognitive errors was related to catastrophizing. There was no significant difference in psychological resilience between the two groups. Conclusion: Cognitive errors play an important role in OCD and social anxiety disorder (SAD). OCD patients were observed to make more cognitive errors than SAD patients. However, psychological resilience was equal between both groups.

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Gender Differences in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.3109/00048679509075899 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 114-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

David J. Castle ◽

Alicia Deale ◽

Isaac M. Marks

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Past History ◽

Onset Age ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Behavioural Treatment ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

History Of

We investigated gender differences in 219 patients with obsessive compulsive disorder consecutively referred to a centre specialising in the behavioural treatment of anxiety disorders. Females had a later mean onset-age, and were more likely to be married and to have children; they were also marginally more likely to have a past history of an eating disorder or depression, while males were more likely to have a history of anxious or meticulous personality traits. Family loading for psychiatric disorders did not differ significantly between the sexes. The results are discussed in the context of the epidemiological literature on gender differences in OCD.

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