How to increase recycling rates. The case of aluminium packaging in Austria

2020 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2094716
Author(s):  
Rainer Warrings ◽  
Johann Fellner
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Material Recovery ◽  
Selective Collection ◽  
The Eu

The recycling of aluminium (Al) packaging as a single fraction is a new obligation within the Circular Economy Package of the EU, with mandatory recycling rates of 50% for 2025 and 60% for 2030. The case study of Al packaging in Austria has been chosen to assess if and what measures need to be taken to achieve these recycling rates and what costs arise from these measures. In particular, the following options of Al recovery, and combinations thereof, have been investigated: bottom ash (BA) treatment; material recovery facilities (MRF) for mixed municipal solid waste; and changes to the selective collection system. The results of the study reveal that the present recycling rate of 55% for A1 packaging in Austria might be improved most significantly by MRF (up to 94%) and advanced BA treatment (up to 72%). Only minor improvements in the recycling rate (+2%) are achievable via a change in the collection system from selective metal to a mixed selective collection (joint collection of metal and lightweight packaging). If the only aim were to increase the recycling rates for Al packaging beyond the future target of 60%, an improvement in the Al recovery rates from BA treatment would be sufficient. With regard to increased recycling quantities of all recyclables, plastics in particular, the implementation of complex systems such as MRF makes sense, even if this results in higher costs for Al recovery (increasing from the current 480 to 640 € t-1 of recycled Al).

Management of aluminium packaging waste in selected European countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Warrings ◽  
J Fellner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Mandatory Reporting ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Packaging Waste

By the end of 2025, a minimum of 50% of aluminium packaging waste has to be recycled within the Member States of the European Union. Aluminium packaging can be recovered through different systems (separate collection, deposit refund systems, informal collection, treatment of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash or mechanical treatment of mixed municipal solid waste). The present article analysed if the agreed targets for the recycling and reuse of aluminium packaging are reasonable and realistic. To this end, the management of aluminium packaging in 16 selected European countries, yielding results for 11 countries, were investigated. The results show that six out of 11 countries recycle at least two-thirds of the aluminium packaging from MSW and only two report very low recycling rates of 20%. The overall recycling rate reported by the different countries cannot be directly linked to the system of recovery. Only the assertion that a deposit refund system together with selective collection leads to a higher overall collection rate seems permissible. This does not necessarily lead to a higher recycling rate as other countries with similarly high recycling rates make up for it with high amounts of aluminium recovered from bottom ash treatment. A direct comparison of the recycling rates within the European Union Member States, however, is problematic for several reasons, such as data that are often differently or incorrectly assigned, incomplete or rely on estimations and assumptions. The authors therefore propose a clearer assignment of the corresponding data and more extensive mandatory reporting on losses and shares of non-packaging, imported and exported waste.

scholarly journals Optimizing Sludge Management at the Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator—A Case Study

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Raček ◽  
Natalia Anferova ◽  
Petr Hluštík ◽  
Petr Hlavínek
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Waste Incinerator ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Retention Basin ◽  
Solid Waste Incinerator

Sludge disposal is becoming an issue at the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), especially for environmental and economic reasons. This paper describes a case study of the optimization of the sludge management (SM) system at the MSWI in the Czech Republic. The original concept of SM at MSWI was designed as waste-free. However, the present operation indicates that there is a need to carry out regular extraction and disposal of sludge settling at the bottom ash tank and the bottom of the retention basin. The current status of SM causes problems not only in terms of operation but it also entails significant financial costs given the necessary regular cleaning of tanks. The aim of the applied research presented in this paper is SM optimization by a mobile sludge dewatering (DW) press unit with optimal polymer combination for DW.

A GIS-based multi-criteria decision support model for planning municipal solid waste collection points: A case study of Çağdaş Neighbourhood, Çiğli District, Izmir, Turkey

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110637
Author(s):  
Sedat Yalcinkaya ◽  
Sevin Uzer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Decision Support Model ◽  
Support Model

This study aims to develop a geographic information system (GIS)-based multi-criteria decision support model to create optimal plans for locating municipal solid waste (MSW) collection points. The model performs a series of consecutive GIS-based spatial analyses to determine alternative plans. Then, it weighs the alternatives considering the social, economic and environmental criteria to determine the optimum solution through analytical hierarchy process. The model was implemented as a case study in Çağdaş neighbourhood of Izmir, Turkey. A total of 42 locations were determined as the optimum collection points out of 245 possible collection points, which yields 39% reduction in collection points compared to the existing system. Total number of waste bins and average walking distance to waste collection points were calculated as 129 and 33 m, respectively. The municipal authority would spend 48.79 $ day−1 on fuel for waste collection and transport. In addition, daily air pollutant emissions generated during the operations were estimated as 2.052 g CO, 0.231 g NMVOC, 8.409 g NOx, 0.954 g N2O, 0.260 g NH3, 0.000227 g Pb and 0.0231 g PM 2.5. The results indicated that 14 out of 69 collection points in the existing collection system were not allocated to any waste source geographically. This study presents a unique method for planning MSW collection points on two key aspects: (1) development of a novel method to determine all possible collection point locations using Thiessen polygons and (2) presenting a holistic planning method considering the impacts of the collection system on the waste generators and waste collectors.

Methodology to design a municipal solid waste pre-collection system. A case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gallardo ◽  
M. Carlos ◽  
M. Peris ◽  
F.J. Colomer
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Collection System ◽  
System A

scholarly journals Design of a Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in Situations with a Lack of Resources: Nikki (Benin), a Case in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1785
Author(s):  
Mar Carlos-Alberola ◽  
Antonio Gallardo Izquierdo ◽  
Francisco J. Colomer-Mendoza ◽  
Esther Barreda-Albert
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Solid Waste Collection ◽  
Waste Management Practices ◽  
The Town

Waste collection is one of the most important public services in a town. However, waste collection has not been effectively implemented in some places due to the lack of economic and management resources. The waste is placed in inappropriate sites with the consequent risks of pollution and unhealthy conditions for the inhabitants. Therefore, establishing a municipal solid waste collection plan can be complicated. The methodologies and techniques that work in countries with medium and high income levels cannot be extrapolated to others with low income level because the boundary conditions are widely different. The aim of this paper is to design a municipal solid waste collection system adapted to this type of situation where not much money can be invested and where data are limited. In these cases, municipalities need to use their existing resources effectively. This paper offers a methodology for these cases as well as a case study. The first step was to gather information about the type and amount of waste generated and the characteristics of the town. The second step was to propose the location of the bins and, finally, the waste collection routes. With all these data, the technical and human resources were set. The methodology used was validated in a real case, the town of Nikki (Benin) in Africa. The collection of three waste fractions was designed with the actual resources of the city in order to offer a realistic implementation. Similar situations can be found around the world, and this case study can be used as an example to improve the waste management practices in some places with low resources.

scholarly journals MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: REVERSE LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE DETERMINES OPPORTUNITY COST OF BULK TIPPING

Detritus ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Manfred Fehr ◽  
Humberto Ferreira Silva Minéu
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Investment Option ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selective Collection

The opportunity cost concept refers to quantifying the opportunities lost upon choosing one investment option over a more economical alternative. The present study applies the concept to the process of choosing the best investment option for managing municipal solid waste. In a case study in Brazil, the options on the table are bulk collection and tipping versus reverse logistics with selective collection and sale of recovered components. The use of relative monetary values renders the results general and applicable in other scenarios. The bulk tipping option represents the reference cost of 100. The research postulates a linear relation between the opportunity cost of bulk tipping (y) and the efficiency of reverse logistics operations (x). Zero efficiency means bulk collection and tipping of all waste. Full efficiency means capture of all recyclable items, which in the case study amount to 80% of waste. Various intermediate points confirm the relationship that takes the form y=0.968x. The result shows that opportunity cost is dynamic in as much as changes of technologies and administrative procedures move it along that line. It also illustrates to municipal administrations the immediate economic effect of implementation and stepwise improvement of reverse logistics.

scholarly journals Circular Economy for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA) Management in Mortars with CSA and CEM I, MSWIBA Glassy Phase, and DTG

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Nikolina Poranek ◽  
Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk ◽  
Adrian Czajkowski ◽  
Krzysztof Pikoń
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Glassy Phase ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

The increase in frequency and intensity of natural disasters is related to the changing global average temperature. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the extraction of natural resources is one of the solutions proposed by the European Green Deal and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) approved by the United Nations. The article presents research on municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA), which is the basis for its circulation in the idea of the circular economy. The MSWIBA study presents differential thermogravimetry (DTG), glassy phase, and mortars using CSA and CEM I. The management of MSWIBA contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the extraction of natural resources.

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