TECHNICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF SELECTIVE COLLECTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN A RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

Проведен анализ ситуации, сложившейся при совмещенном вывозе твердых коммунальных отходов (ТКО). В связи с тем, что используемые на сегодняшний день конструкции мусоропроводов не предназначены для селективного (раздельного) сбора ТКО, исследована возможность реновации и модернизации мусоропровода и мусоросборной камеры для селективного сбора ТКО в существующем многоквартирном доме. Авторами предложен вариант модернизации существующей системы сбора мусора, заключающийся в следующем: в мусоросборной камере располагается несколько контейнеров, вместо патрубка и шибера устроена единая конструкция на все контейнеры, оснащенная заслонками, которые открываются для нужного вида отходов при нажатии соответствующей кнопки на блоке управления. Для домов, в которых нет мусоропроводов, рассмотрена возможность организации уличной контейнерной площадки, предназначенной для селективного сбора ТКО. Для вычисления размеров необходимых контейнеров было проведено исследование по определению масс и объемов разных фракций ТКО, приходящихся на одного человека. По результатам исследования был выполнен расчет по подбору размеров контейнеров по всем видам отходов для мусоросборной камеры и для уличной контейнерной площадки, с определением периодичности вывоза ТКО. Разработан алгоритм по селективному сбору ТКО в существующей жилой застройке. We carried out the analysis of the situation with the combined disposal of solid municipal waste (SMW). Due to the fact that the designs of waste chutes used today are not intended for selective (separate) collection of SMW, the article examines the possibility of renovation and modernization of the waste chute and waste collection chamber for selective collection of SMW in the existing apartment buildings. The authors offer a variant of modernization of the waste collection chamber, which consists in the following: in the waste collection chamber there are several containers, instead of a branch pipe and a gate, a single apron is arranged for all containers, equipped with flaps that open for the desired type of waste when the corresponding button is pressed on the control unit. The possibility of organizing street container platform for selective collection of SMW was considered for the apartment buildings which do not have waste chutes. To calculate the size of the required containers, we conducted a study to determine the mass and volume of different SMW fractions per person. According to the results of the study, a calculation was made for the selection of container sizes for all types of waste for the waste collection chamber and for the street container site, with the determination of the frequency of SMW removal. An algorithm for selective collection of SMW in existing residential buildings has been developed.

The challenge of urban solid waste management in Brazil

The National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) and its regulation originated a new reference for the integrated and sustainable solid waste management in the country and new challenges for the implementation and improvement of the selective collection service provision in the municipalities. The purpose of this research is to identify the efficiency level of urban solid waste management in the Brazilian capitals during the period from 2002 to 2016. To measure the efficiency, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was used. The sample consisted of 20 Brazilian capitals. After measuring efficiency, the logistic regression technique was used to measure the contribution of each variable used in the DEA technique. As a result, it was observed that the number of materials recovered is very low compared to the number of materials collected, the municipality that collected the most materials was Vitória in 2015 and the municipality that recovered the most waste was Florianópolis in 2013.

Geo-Environmental and Geotechnical Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste from the Selective Collection in São Paulo City, Brazil

This paper presents the characterization of municipal solid waste (MSW) randomly collected from two Material Recovery Facilities in São Paulo city, before (input - recyclables) and after (output - rejects) the sorting processes. Geo-environmental and geotechnical tests were performed on shredded samples and a digestion method was applied to detect the metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations using ICP OES. The objective was to assist future activities of integrated solid waste management and soil pollution. Results showed different particle sizes comparing the input (44.6%) and the output MSW (75.1%) passing through the 100 mm sieve. Organic matter and ash contents indicated the influence of inorganic carbon due to plastics' presence, with values varying between 6-13%. The pH values obtained were neutral and the electrical conductivity of the MSW rejects suggested a higher amount of ions, with values above 1000 µS/cm. Metals analyses show that Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn are present in high concentrations, depending on the types of the materials. Standard Proctor compaction curves yielded maximum dry unit weight varying from 6.6 kN/m³ to 10.0 kN/m³ and optimum moisture contents from 20–42%. Cohesion ranged from 1.3 kPa to 31.3 kPa and friction angle from 3.2° and 42.9°. The results are comparable with those obtained for other countries using different MSW treatments and contribute to the data basis for MSW from the selective collection, aiming the integrated solid waste management, serving for other countries that adopt MSW sorting and recycling.

Municipal Solid Waste Management: the interdependence between communication and selective collection

Considering the role of communication for the effectiveness of selective waste collection programs (SCP), the research aimed to analyze the communication process used among the actors involved in waste SCP. In order to achieve the objective, a county located in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, was used as the case study. In the research, diagrams of information transmission were created, based on the Shannon Weaver model and adapted by DeFleur, so that communication gaps in the explored SCP and possibilities for improvement were identified. Among the results obtained in the study, it was observed that there is a distance between population and the cooperative that impairs the interactivity between these actors; the current information is insufficient to reinforce behavior in the population, since they don’t take into account environmental, social and economic factors as a form of mobilization; and the most effective means of communication to the public (speakers on the trucks) is no longer used to publicize the program. Thus, the communication in the analyzed SCP still lacks improvements, since the study identified noises in the communication that lead to failures in the selective collection of the county in question.

Comportamento Pró-Ambiental de Educandos de Patos, Paraíba, Relacionados aos Resíduos Sólidos

ResumoA poluição ambiental por resíduos sólidos constitui uma problemática ambiental na atualidade, necessitando de uma gestão adequada que estimule a criação de estratégias sustentáveis para minimizar esses impactos, como a inserção da coleta seletiva nos diversos espaços urbanos e na escola. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento pró-ambiental de educandos do Ensino Médio público de Patos, Paraíba, quanto aos resíduos sólidos. Participaram da pesquisa um total de 352 alunos do Ensino Médio de duas escolas. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da aplicação de um questionário composto por 25 afirmativas no modelo da escala de Likert, cujos níveis de resposta variavam de 1 (concordo totalmente) a 5 (discordo totalmente) e mais três questões discursivas. Os resultados reportaram que os alunos consideram os resíduos sólidos como um grande problema ambiental, considerando que a reciclagem representa uma alternativa para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Estes afirmaram que a coleta seletiva deve ser implantada nas cidades brasileiras visando reduzir o volume de resíduos sólidos destinados aos lixões. Além disso, os alunos relataram que a Educação Ambiental deve estar inserida no ambiente escolar tanto na esfera pública quanto privada. As ações de Educação Ambiental desenvolvidas dentro do contexto escolar podem sensibilizar os alunos sobre a importância do uso consciente e descarte adequado dos resíduos sólidos, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade ambiental. Palavras-chave: Educação Ambiental. Escola. Lixo. AbstractEnvironmental pollution by solid waste is currently an environmental issue, requiring adequate management that encourages the creation of sustainable strategies to minimize these impacts, such as the insertion of selective collection in various urban spaces and at school. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pro-environmental behavior of public high school students in Patos, Paraíba, regarding solid waste. A total of 352 high school students from two schools participated in the study. The data were obtained through the application of a questionnaire composed of 25 affirmations in the model of the Likert scale whose levels of response varied from 1 (totally agree) to 5 (totally disagree) and three other discursive questions. The results reported that students consider solid waste as a major environmental problem, considering that recycling represents an alternative to Sustainable Development. These confirmed that selective collection should be implanted in Brazilian cities to reduce the volume of solid waste destined to dumps. In addition, students reported that Environmental Education should be embedded in the school environment in both the public and private spheres. The Environmental Education actions developed within the school context can raise the students' awareness regarding the importance of the conscious use and proper disposal of solid waste, contributing to environmental sustainability. Keywords: Environmental Education. School. Trash

Cemetery waste as a substream of municipal waste: research and structure of the selective waste collection in Poland

Cemetery waste (CW) constitutes one of the streams of municipal waste (MW). Based on the available data, it can be said that it accounts for about 1% of the mass of MW being generated in Poland. CW management should be carried out selectively. It is estimated that the level of CW selective collection is lower than the average level achieved for MW. This paper presents some solutions concerning the selective collection of CW implemented in selected municipal and denominational cemeteries in Poland. Based on research conducted, the levels of proper separation of glass and biodegradable waste in containers for their selective collection were determined, accordingly as >85% and >80%. Due to the contamination with paraffin residues, the purity of the selectively collected plastic fraction was lower than 20%. The human factor was recognized as the most significant determining efficiency of the selective collection of CW. Therefore, further education of society, as well as promoting good practices in the field of CW management, should be regarded as desirable.