Lifetime Video Game Consumption, Interpersonal Aggression, Hostile Sexism, and Rape Myth Acceptance

AbstractStereotyped beliefs concerning rape, called rape myths, are a global problem. The aim of the studies was to assess the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale which is used to assess rape myth acceptance. The tool has a high internal consistency (α = .92) and an overly good test-retest reliability (the It Wasn’t Really Rape subscale being one exception), The five-factor model fits the data better than the four-factor one. Both in the case of the four-factor and the five-factor models the brief version fits the data better than the full one. The study also demonstrated positive correlations of rape myth acceptance with right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, system justification, cultural conservatism, hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, beliefs in biological origins of the differences between men and women and unjust world beliefs. The correlation between rape myth acceptance and beliefs in cultural origins of the differences between men and women was negative. The analyses suggest that the Polish Updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale is a reliable and valid tool and can be useful for further studies of rape myth acceptance.

Download Full-text

The Relationship Between Television Sports Exposure and Rape Myth Acceptance: The Mediating Role of Sexism and Sexual Objectification of Women

Violence Against Women ◽

10.1177/1077801216651340 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 813-829 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kathleen Custers ◽

Jenna McNallie

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Online Survey ◽

The United States ◽

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Rape Myth ◽

Sexual Objectification ◽

Sports Programming ◽

Objectification Of Women ◽

Myth Acceptance

Rape affects a large proportion of women in the United States but is one of the most underreported crimes. It is believed that rape myth acceptance contributes to low reporting rates. We tested whether television sports exposure was indirectly related to higher acceptance of rape myth beliefs. An online survey involving 465 undergraduate students showed that viewing TV sports was positively related to hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and sexual objectification of women. Through these variables, TV sports was indirectly and positively associated with rape myth acceptance. These results suggest that sports programming contributes to the perpetuation of rape myths in society.

Download Full-text

Does Sexism Mediate the Gender and Rape Myth Acceptance Relationship?

Violence Against Women ◽

10.1177/1077801220913632 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107780122091363

Author(s):

D. J. Angelone ◽

Nicole Cantor ◽

Tiffany Marcantonio ◽

Meredith Joppa

Keyword(s):

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Rape Myth ◽

Sexual Assault Prevention ◽

Established Relationship ◽

Assault Victims ◽

Sexist Beliefs ◽

The Relationship ◽

Assault Prevention ◽

Myth Acceptance

Compared with women, men tend to blame assault victims, exonerate perpetrators, and report higher levels of sexism and rape myths. The goal of the present study was to determine whether sexist beliefs mediate the established relationship between gender and rape myth acceptance in a sample of 626 college students. Results demonstrated that hostile sexism, complementary gender differentiation, and heterosexual intimacy mediated the relationship between gender and rape myth acceptance, suggesting that these attitudes play a role in victim blaming and have potential to inform the development of sexual assault prevention programs.

Download Full-text

The Chivalrous Bystander: The Role of Gender-Based Beliefs and Empathy on Bystander Behavior and Perceived Barriers to Intervention

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520916277 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052091627

Author(s):

Kristen Yule ◽

Jill C. Hoxmeier ◽

Kevin Petranu ◽

John Grych

Keyword(s):

Benevolent Sexism ◽

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Perceived Barriers ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Rape Myth ◽

Bystander Behavior ◽

Behavior Understanding ◽

Skill Deficit ◽

Gender Based ◽

Myth Acceptance

Despite substantial evidence demonstrating a relation between gender-based beliefs and violence against women, there has been little research examining whether sexist attitudes are related to prosocial bystander behavior. Understanding psychosocial influences on bystanders’ behavior could inform bystander training programs on college campuses, and so the current study examined the unique and joint effects of three gender-based attitudes (rape myth acceptance, hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism) and empathy in predicting bystander behavior and perceived barriers to intervention in situations that undergraduates ( N = 500; 70% female; Mage = 18.86 years) had experienced in the prior year. Benevolent sexism was the only gender-based attitude consistently associated with bystander behavior and perceived barriers. After accounting for participant empathy, benevolent sexism uniquely predicted less intervention in post-assault situations, greater perceived barriers in pre- and post-assault situations, and greater Failure to Perceive Responsibility and Skill Deficit barriers across situations. Associations between gender-based attitudes and bystander behavior also differed for men and women, with rape myth acceptance predicting greater Failure to Perceive Responsibility barriers and benevolent sexism predicting greater Skill Deficit barriers for women but not men. These results suggest that existing bystander education programs can be improved by explicitly addressing benevolent sexist beliefs and promoting empathy for victims of assault.

Download Full-text

Support for Capital Punishment for Rape Offenders as a Collective Retaliation against Honor Threat

10.31234/osf.io/ync8j ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mete Sefa Uysal ◽

Emir Üzümçeker ◽

İnci Boyacıoğlu

Keyword(s):

Death Penalty ◽

Capital Punishment ◽

Social Practice ◽

Rape Myths ◽

Ambivalent Sexism ◽

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Rape Myth ◽

Survey Study ◽

Myth Acceptance

Exploring the implications of benevolent and hostile sexism separately in social practice and their relationships with related issues such as rape myths is essential for understanding gender violence which serves to maintain structural gender inequalities, such as retaliatory acts in honor cultures. Although a vast majority of research focused on direct and interpersonal aggressive response or retaliatory acts against the honor threat in honor cultures, little is known about subtler collective social processes in honor-damaging situations. To address the gap in our understanding of how retaliatory responses are carried out against honor threat in a subtler and collective way, we focused on the rising demands for reinstatement of the death penalty to stopped the increased rates of sexual violence in Turkey as a collective retaliatory response against honor-threat. To test this argument, we conducted a survey study with 450 participants to examine the role of ambivalent sexism, the gendered norms of honor culture, and rape myths on the support for death penalty for rape offenders in Turkey. The results indicate that ambivalent sexism and honor culture’s gendered norms predicted support for capital punishment. Furthermore, hostile sexism moderated the relationship between rape myth acceptance and support for death penalty. We find that individuals who have high hostile sexism and strong rape myth acceptance do not support capital punishment. These findings contribute to our understanding of the social mechanisms related to hostile and benevolent sexism which results in support for the death penalty in Turkey.

Download Full-text

Measuring Rape Myth Acceptance in Sweden: Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression Scale

10.31234/osf.io/h79t8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hanna Elin Fernsund ◽

Timothy John Luke

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Properties ◽

Social Dominance ◽

Sexual Aggression ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

English Language ◽

Social Dominance Orientation ◽

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Rape Myth ◽

Myth Acceptance

Traditional measures of rape myth acceptance (RMA) have been found to yield low means and skewed distributions, potentially due to containing outdated beliefs and too blatantly phrased items. The Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression Scale (AMMSA; Gerger et al., 2007) is a contemporary RMA measure which was developed to contain more subtly worded items and less severe forms of sexual aggression than traditional RMA scales. In this study, the English language AMMSA was translated into Swedish and the psychometric properties of the Swedish language AMMSA were assessed. The Swedish language AMMSA had desirable statistical properties and correlated positively with other relevant measures (e.g., hostile sexism, social dominance orientation) which supported its concurrent and convergent validity. However, inconsistent with previous research, which has found the AMMSA to be a unidimensional instrument, the Swedish language AMMSA may consist of multiple factors.

Download Full-text

Hostile Sexism, Rape-Myth Acceptance, Adversarial Heterosexual Beliefs, and Machismo

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e519412007-001 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer M. Snyder ◽

Frances L. Chumney ◽

Heather R. Hyder ◽

Amber E. Morelock ◽

Chris S. Dula

Keyword(s):

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Rape Myth ◽

Myth Acceptance

Download Full-text

Blame is in the eye of the beholder: Assessing the Role of Ambivalent Sexism on Subtle Rape Myth Acceptance

Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.14738/assrj.82.9669 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 284-295

Author(s):

Kallia Manoussaki ◽

Valentina Gosetti

Keyword(s):

Gender Inequality ◽

Rape Myths ◽

Ambivalent Sexism ◽

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Rape Myth ◽

Sexist Attitudes ◽

Acceptance Scale ◽

Myth Acceptance

The aim of the present study was to determine whether ambivalent sexism predicts subtle rape myth acceptance. Respondents comprised of 211 university students, who completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and the updated version of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale (McMahon & Farmer, 2011). Results indicated that while benevolent sexism significantly predicted acceptance of subtle rape myths, hostile sexism did not. Additionally, male participants reported more ambivalent sexism and subtle rape myth acceptance than females. These findings add to the literature investigating gender inequality and rape mythology by giving a first account on the link between subtle rape myths and ambivalent sexist attitudes.

Download Full-text

She Asked for It: Hardcore Porn, Sexism, and Rape Myth Acceptance

Violence Against Women ◽

10.1177/10778012211037378 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107780122110373

Author(s):

Nicholas C. Borgogna ◽

Emma C. Lathan ◽

Ryon C. McDermott

Keyword(s):

Latent Variable ◽

Rape Myths ◽

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Rape Myth ◽

Wald Tests ◽

Sexist Attitudes ◽

Multigroup Sem ◽

Latent Variable Interaction ◽

Myth Acceptance

The present study examined pornography viewing, rape myth acceptance, and sexist attitudes. Data came from 392 male and 903 female participants. Multigroup SEM indicated neither pornography viewing, nor hardcore pornography viewing, were related to rape myth acceptance when controlling for sexist attitudes among men. Wald tests indicated hostile sexism to be a significantly stronger predictor of all rape myths examined compared to pornography viewing or hardcore pornography viewing in men and women. Latent variable interaction analyses suggested hardcore pornography viewing as a significant exacerbating factor for the relationship between hostile sexism and “she asked for it” rape myths across genders.

Download Full-text