Nutritional Influences on Biofilm Development

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H.W. Bowden ◽  
Y.H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Carbon Limitation ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Nutritional Influences ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Biofilm Development

The amounts and types of nutrients in the environment influence the development and final bacterial and chemical composition of biofilms. In oligotrophic environments, organisms respond to nutrient stress by alterations in their cell morphology and cell surfaces, which enhance adherence. Little is known of the responses to stress by bacteria in the animal oral cavity. The environment in the oral cavity is less extreme, and saliva provides a constant source of nutrients. Catabolic cooperation among oral bacteria allows carbon and nitrogen from salivary glycoproteins to be utilized. Modification of growth environments of oral bacteria can influence their cell surfaces and adhesion. Studies in experimental animals have shown that feeding either glucose or sucrose diets or fasting has little effect on the initial stages of development of oral biofilms. However, diet can influence the proportions of different bacterial species later in biofilm development. Studies of competition among populations in communities of oral bacteria in vitro and in vivo have shown the significance of carbon limitation and excess and changes in environmental pH. Relatively few studies have been made of the role of a nitrogen metabolism in bacterial competition in biofilms. In keeping with biofilms in nature, oral biofilms provide a sequestered habitat, where organisms are protected from removal by saliva and where interactions among cells generate a biofilm environment, distinct from that of saliva. Oral biofilms are an essential component in the etiologies of caries and periodontal disease, and understanding the biology of oral biofilms has aided and will continue to aid in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.

Biocomplexity in the oral cavity – the basics of structure in supragingival bacterial communities

Biofilms ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Palmer ◽  
P. I. Diaz ◽  
P. E. Kolenbrander
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
16 S Rrna ◽  
Microbiological Data

The human oral microbial ecosystem is one of the best characterized and highly complex bacterial communities known. It is estimated that about 600 bacterial species exist in the mouth and that 85% of those are currently known at the molecular (16 S rRNA) level. The major bacterial physiologies occurring in the oral cavity have been known for many years, and knowledge exists of the distribution of organisms in time (as plaque accumulates) and in space (different environments within the mouth). However, only rudimentary data are available on interactions between the bacterial species. It is precisely these interactions that, along with the interactions of the developing community with its human host, must drive the succession of genera that is observed to occur. In the reductionist scientific approach to studying such interactions, disrupted plaque is used to isolate single organisms, and interactions between these organisms are examined by recombining the organisms ex situ. Lessons learned from these in vitro studies can be applied to understand empirical observations made in vivo. However, this approach begins with the primary assumption that the chosen interaction does in fact occur in vivo. The accessibility and the well-characterized nature of the oral ecosystem presents an opportunity for approaching the problem from the opposite direction; one can capture a community very early in development in vivo, then apply in vitro methods to sort out the interactions within that community. This latter approach begins with a set of organisms known to interact in vivo. A combination of both approaches should yield robust microbiological data suitable for in silico modeling and analyses.

scholarly journals Emergent Bacteria in Cystic Fibrosis:In VitroBiofilm Formation and Resilience under Variable Oxygen Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana P. Lopes ◽  
Nuno F. Azevedo ◽  
Maria O. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibilities ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Lung Infections ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
The Impact

Concurrent to conventional bacterial pathogens, unusual microbes are emerging from cystic fibrosis (CF) airways. Nonetheless, little is known about the contribution of these newly microbes to the resilience of CF-associated biofilms, particularly under variable-oxygen concentrations that are known to occurin vivoin the mucus of CF patients. Two CF-emergent bacterial species,Inquilinus limosusandDolosigranulum pigrum, and the major pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosawere studied in terms of biofilm development and antibiotic susceptibilities underin vitroatmospheres with different oxygen availabilities. All species were able to developin vitrobiofilms under different oxygen-available environments, withD. pigrumaccumulating high amounts of biomass and respiratory activities. When established, biofilms were of difficult eradication, with antibiotics losing their effectiveness in comparison with the corresponding planktonic populations. Surprisingly, biofilms of each emergent organism displayed multidrug resistance under aerobic environments, enduring even in low-oxygen atmospheres. This study suggests a potential prospect on the impact of nonconventional organismsI. limosusandD. pigrumon CF lung infections, demonstrating capacity to adapt to biofilm mode of life under restricted-oxygen atmospheres resembling CF airways, which may ultimately endanger the efficacy of currently used antibiotic regimens.

scholarly journals Quercetin Preserves Oral Cavity Health by Mitigating Inflammation and Microbial Dysbiosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Mooney ◽  
Sara E. Holden ◽  
Xia-Juan Xia ◽  
Yajie Li ◽  
Min Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Inflammatory Cell Infiltrate ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Tlr Agonists ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis

Failure to attenuate inflammation coupled with consequent microbiota changes drives the development of bone-destructive periodontitis. Quercetin, a plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoid, has been linked with health benefits in both humans and animals. Using a systematic approach, we investigated the effect of orally delivered Quercetin on host inflammatory response, oral microbial composition and periodontal disease phenotype. In vivo, quercetin supplementation diminished gingival cytokine expression, inflammatory cell infiltrate and alveolar bone loss. Microbiome analyses revealed a healthier oral microbial composition in Quercetin-treated versus vehicle-treated group characterized by reduction in the number of pathogenic species including Enterococcus, Neisseria and Pseudomonas and increase in the number of non-pathogenic Streptococcus sp. and bacterial diversity. In vitro, Quercetin diminished inflammatory cytokine production through modulating NF-κB:A20 axis in human macrophages following challenge with oral bacteria and TLR agonists. Collectively, our findings reveal that Quercetin supplement instigates a balanced periodontal tissue homeostasis through limiting inflammation and fostering an oral cavity microenvironment conducive of symbiotic microbiota associated with health. This proof of concept study provides key evidence for translational studies to improve overall health.

scholarly journals Use of Quantum Dot Luminescent Probes To Achieve Single-Cell Resolution of Human Oral Bacteria in Biofilms

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 630-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia I. Chalmers ◽  
Robert J. Palmer ◽  
Laurence Du-Thumm ◽  
Richard Sullivan ◽  
Wenyuan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Semiconductor Nanocrystals ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Promising Tool

ABSTRACT Oral biofilms are multispecies communities, and in their nascent stages of development, numerous bacterial species engage in interspecies interactions. Better insight into the spatial relationship between different species and how species diversity increases over time can guide our understanding of the role of interspecies interactions in the development of the biofilms. Quantum dots (QD) are semiconductor nanocrystals and have emerged as a promising tool for labeling and detection of bacteria. We sought to apply QD-based primary immunofluorescence for labeling of bacterial cells with in vitro and in vivo biofilms and to compare this approach with the fluorophore-based primary immunofluorescence approach we have used previously. To investigate QD-based primary immunofluorescence as the means to detect distinct targets with single-cell resolution, we conjugated polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to the QD surface. We also conducted simultaneous QD conjugate-based and fluorophore conjugate-based immunofluorescence and showed that these conjugates were complementary tools in immunofluorescence applications. Planktonic and biofilm cells were labeled effectively by considering two factors: the final nanomolar concentration of QD conjugate and the amount of antibody conjugated to the QD, which we define as the degree of labeling. These advances in the application of QD-based immunofluorescence for the study of biofilms in vitro and in vivo will help to define bacterial community architecture and to facilitate investigations of interactions between bacterial species in these communities.

scholarly journals A polymicrobial biofilm model for testing the antimicrobial potential of a nisin-biogel for canine periodontal disease control

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Cunha ◽  
Sandra Rebelo ◽  
Carla Carneiro ◽  
Luís Tavares ◽  
Luís Miguel Carreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Pd Control ◽  
Biofilm Model

Abstract Background Periodontal disease (PD) in dogs is prompted by the establishment of a polymicrobial biofilm at the tooth surface and a subsequent host inflammatory response. Several strategies may be used for PD control, including dental hygiene home care procedures, like toothbrushing, special diet and chew toys that reduce dental plaque accumulation, or professional periodontal treatments. Aiming at PD control, a biogel composed by nisin and guar-gum was previously developed. This work aimed to establish an in vitro model mimicking the PD-associated biofilms and to evaluate the nisin-biogel inhibitory activity against this polymicrobial biofilm by determining its Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory (MBIC) and Eradication Concentrations (MBEC). Bacterial species tested included Neisseria zoodegmatis CCUG 52598T, Corynebacterium canis CCUG 58627T, Porphyromonas cangingivalis DSMZ VPB 4874, Peptostreptococcus canis CCUG 57081 and an Enterococcus faecalis isolate belonging to a collection of oral bacteria obtained from dogs with PD. Before establishing the biofilm, coaggregation between species was determined by optical density measurement after 2 and 24 hours. Nisin-biogel MBIC and MBEC values regarding the polymicrobial biofilm were determined using a modified version of the Calgary biofilm pin lid device, after confirming the presence of the five bacterial species by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. Results Only 40% of the bacterial dual suspensions were able to coaggregate at 2 hours, but all species tested exhibited a coaggregation percentage higher than 30% at 24 hours. It was possible to establish a 48 h polymicrobial biofilm model composed by the five bacterial species selected. This model was used to determine nisin-biogel MBIC (26.39 ± 5.89 µg/mL) and MBEC (62.5 ± 27.73 µg/mL) values. Conclusions Our results showed that the nisin-biogel can inhibit and eradicate PD multispecies biofilms. As this in vitro model mimics an in vivo periodontal polymicrobial biofilm, our results reinforce the potential of the application of nisin-biogel for canine PD control.

scholarly journals A Critical Role for Extracellular DNA in Dental Plaque Formation

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Rostami ◽  
R.C. Shields ◽  
S.A. Yassin ◽  
A.R. Hawkins ◽  
L. Bowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Common Component ◽  
Oral Biofilms

Extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been identified in the matrix of many different monospecies biofilms in vitro, including some of those produced by oral bacteria. In many cases, eDNA stabilizes the structure of monospecies biofilms. Here, the authors aimed to determine whether eDNA is an important component of natural, mixed-species oral biofilms, such as plaque on natural teeth or dental implants. To visualize eDNA in oral biofilms, approaches for fluorescently stained eDNA with either anti-DNA antibodies or an ultrasensitive cell-impermeant dye, YOYO-1, were first developed using Enterococcus faecalis, an organism that has previously been shown to produce extensive eDNA structures within biofilms. Oral biofilms were modelled as in vitro “microcosms” on glass coverslips inoculated with the natural microbial population of human saliva and cultured statically in artificial saliva medium. Using antibodies and YOYO-1, eDNA was found to be distributed throughout microcosm biofilms, and was particularly abundant in the immediate vicinity of cells. Similar arrangements of eDNA were detected in biofilms on crowns and overdenture abutments of dental implants that had been recovered from patients during the restorative phase of treatment, and in subgingival dental plaque of periodontitis patients, indicating that eDNA is a common component of natural oral biofilms. In model oral biofilms, treatment with a DNA-degrading enzyme, NucB from Bacillus licheniformis, strongly inhibited the accumulation of biofilms. The bacterial species diversity was significantly reduced by treatment with NucB and particularly strong reductions were observed in the abundance of anaerobic, proteolytic bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas and Prevotella. Preformed biofilms were not significantly reduced by NucB treatment, indicating that eDNA is more important or more exposed during the early stages of biofilm formation. Overall, these data demonstrate that dental plaque eDNA is potentially an important target for oral biofilm control.

scholarly journals A Literature Review and Framework Proposal for Halitosis Assessment in Cigarette Smokers and Alternative Nicotine-Delivery Products Users

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Zanetti ◽  
Tanja Zivkovic Semren ◽  
James N. D. Battey ◽  
Philippe A. Guy ◽  
Nikolai V. Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
The Impact

Halitosis is a health condition which counts cigarette smoking (CS) among its major risk factors. Cigarette smoke can cause an imbalance in the oral bacterial community, leading to several oral diseases and conditions, including intraoral halitosis. Although the best approach to decrease smoking-related health risks is quitting smoking, this is not feasible for many smokers. Switching to potentially reduced-risk products, like electronic vapor products (EVP) or heated tobacco products (HTP), may help improve the conditions associated with CS. To date, there have been few systematic studies on the effects of CS on halitosis and none have assessed the effects of EVP and HTP use. Self-assessment studies have shown large limitations owing to the lack of reliability in the participants' judgment. This has compelled the scientific community to develop a strategy for meaningful assessment of these new products in comparison with cigarettes. Here, we compiled a review of the existing literature on CS and halitosis and propose a 3-layer approach that combines the use of the most advanced breath analysis techniques and multi-omics analysis to define the interactions between oral bacterial species and their role in halitosis both in vitro and in vivo. Such an approach will allow us to compare the effects of different nicotine-delivery products on oral bacteria and quantify their impact on halitosis. Defining the impact of alternative nicotine-delivery products on intraoral halitosis and its associated bacteria will help the scientific community advance a step further toward understanding the safety of these products and their potentiall risks for consumers.

Production of Novel Bioactive Compounds by the Bacteria Associated with Some Marine Sponges of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Southeast Coast of India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
V. Ramadas ◽  
G. Chandralega
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Gulf Of Mannar ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Palk Bay ◽  
Excellent Source

Sponges, exclusively are aquatic and mostly marine, are found from the deepest oceans to the edge of the sea. There are approximately 15,000 species of sponges in the world, of which, 150 occur in freshwater, but only about 17 are of commercial value. A total of 486 species of sponges have been identified in India. In the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay a maximum of 319 species of sponges have been recorded. It has been proved that marine organisms are excellent source of bioactive secondary metabolites and number of compounds of originated from marine organisms had been reported to possess in-vitro and in-vivo immuno stimulatory activity. Extracts from 20 sponge species were tested for bacterial symbionts and bioactive compounds were isolated from such associated bacterial species in the present study.

scholarly journals Human Saliva-Mediated Hydrolysis of Eugenyl-β-D-Glucoside and Fluorescein-di-β-D-Glucoside in In Vivo and In Vitro Models

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Mariusz Dziadas ◽  
Adam Junka ◽  
Henryk Jeleń
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Microbial Hydrolysis ◽  
Amoxicillin Trihydrate ◽  
Potassium Clavulanate

Eugenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, also referred to as Citrusin C, is a natural glucoside found among others in cloves, basil and cinnamon plants. Eugenol in a form of free aglycone is used in perfumeries, flavourings, essential oils and in medicinal products. Synthetic Citrusin C was incubated with human saliva in several in vitro models together with substrate-specific enzyme and antibiotics (clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate). Citrusin C was detected using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Citrusin C was completely degraded only when incubated with substrate-specific A. niger glucosidase E.C 3.2.1.21 (control sample) and when incubated with human saliva (tested sample). The addition of antibiotics to the above-described experimental setting, stopped Citrusin C degradation, indicating microbiologic origin of hydrolysis observed. Our results demonstrate that Citrusin C is subjected to complete degradation by salivary/oral cavity microorganisms. Extrapolation of our results allows to state that in the human oral cavity, virtually all β-D-glucosides would follow this type of hydrolysis. Additionally, a new method was developed for an in vivo rapid test of glucosidase activity in the human mouth on the tongue using fluorescein-di-β-D-glucoside as substrate. The results presented in this study serve as a proof of concept for the hypothesis that microbial hydrolysis path of β-D-glucosides begins immediately in the human mouth and releases the aglycone directly into the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals In Vitro Anti-Biofilm and Antibacterial Properties of Streptococcus downii sp. nov.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 450
Author(s):  
Maigualida Cuenca ◽  
María Carmen Sánchez ◽  
Pedro Diz ◽  
Lucía Martínez-Lamas ◽  
Maximiliano Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Biofilm Model ◽  
Biofilm Development

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities of Streptococcus downii sp. nov. To test anti-biofilm properties, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were grown in a biofilm model in the presence or not of S. downii sp. nov. for up to 120 h. For the potential antibacterial activity, 24 h-biofilms were exposed to S. downii sp. nov for 24 and 48 h. Biofilms structures and bacterial viability were studied by microscopy, and the effect in bacterial load by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A generalized linear model was constructed, and results were considered as statistically significant at p < 0.05. The presence of S. downii sp. nov. during biofilm development did not affect the structure of the community, but an anti-biofilm effect against S. mutans was observed (p < 0.001, after 96 and 120 h). For antibacterial activity, after 24 h of exposure to S. downii sp. nov., counts of S. mutans (p = 0.019) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.020) were significantly reduced in well-structured biofilms. Although moderate, anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities of S. downii sp. nov. against oral bacteria, including some periodontal pathogens, were demonstrated in an in vitro biofilm model.

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