scholarly journals Geometric design of a masonry lattice space dome titled KARBANDI in Persian architecture

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 22-39
Author(s):  
Amir Amjad Mohammadi ◽  
Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi ◽  
Yaser Shahbazi
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Design ◽  
Geometric Features ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Persian Architecture ◽  
Structural Functions ◽  
Lattice Space ◽  
Lattice Geometry ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
Contemporary Architecture ◽  
Historical Samples

Studies of historical buildings in Persian architecture have resulted in knowing a kind of masonry structure with a harmonic lattice geometry, which has been titled “Karbandi.” The most important and highly acclaimed feature of Karbandi is the correlation and coordination between its architectural and structural functions, which results in creating esthetic and meaningful spaces. The use of this structure is highly demanded in contemporary Persian architecture, but very little information about historical techniques survives to the present day and accordingly, there are ambiguities about its drawing and geometric design. Therefore, this research aims at discovering geometric relationships and principles of Karbandi to regulate and facilitate its design process in contemporary architecture. Toward this end, its historical samples were analyzed and their geometric features were found. As a consequence, the connection distance of dividing points on the circle is an important parameter for creating various types of Karbandi on a base. For instance, the height of a Karbandi and its elaboration are directly related to the connection distance. In addition, it was clarified that the height of a Karbandi and the size of its Shamseh are in an inverse relationship. Finally, a comprehensive classification was presented based on found geometric features.

Vault

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wendland
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Lateral Thrust ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Persian Architecture ◽  
The Creation

Vaults are curved masonry surfaces for roofs and ceilings, able to give shelter and protection. Fireproof and very durable, they were the only massive constructions available for such purposes before modern reinforced concrete was invented. Vaulted ceilings have often been a major issue in the creation of architectural space—as dominating elements with sculptural quality, and as fascinating constructions, often elegant, sometimes astonishing or even daring, always artful, and requiring and demonstrating great expertise and skill in their design and building. In early stone architecture, vaults built with horizontal circular courses can already be characterized as spatial structures. Since the early Great Civilizations, vaults were constructed with blocks arranged in radial bed joints—they could be built with great economy, with complex shape and adapting to irregular plans, as they are still in modern vernacular architecture, such as in Central Asia or in northern Africa. In Late Antiquity, vaults made with dressed stone show great ability in the geometric design—this art was later resumed both in the Middle East and in European Renaissance architecture. In Imperial Rome, vaults made of concrete reached enormous spans, were robust enough to last many centuries, and could be built virtually in any shape. Vaults of brick or stone masonry or of dressed stonework are among the greatest masterpieces of architecture, including the marvelous vaults in Persian architecture, the high vaults of Gothic cathedrals perfectly balanced upon slender pillars, the magnificent spatial inventions of Baroque vaulting, the great domes, and finally the creation of modern shell structures. By principle, vaults are stable by their shape. Their equilibrium demands curvature, regularly resulting in shapes with complex geometry. Therefore, they are very demanding in design, planning, and construction. Systems of anchoring or abutment have to be devised to contain the lateral thrust, and a shape must be created that enables the stability by counterbalancing the heavy components within the vault. Moreover, the building of the curved shape requires form control during bricklaying, geometric design of the temporary support structure, and, in case of stone structures, the formulation of precise specification for producing the single building elements. Therefore, beyond symbolic values, ideas of space in architecture, and the expertise and virtuosity of planners and builders, vaulted ceilings also reflect the historical development of applied geometry and mechanics. Their study gives an insight to the knowledge society that created the buildings.

Analyzing the Quality of New Developments in Historical Monuments

2014 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 175-189
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Heidari Moghadam ◽  
Fatemeh Shahsavari
Keyword(s):  
Modern Human ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Interactive Approach ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Effective Factors ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
Contemporary Architecture

Following the rapid growth of cities and changes which are seen in the way of living, a lot of old buildings and many historical houses have become exhausted. Various needs of the modern human have affected towns and ancient monuments amazingly fast and if we neglect them, none of the values obtained during the centuries will be maintained. However, half a century’s experience shows that we have to intervene, design and develop these ancient spaces. Intervention and design with the aim of providing the newest facilities to live with respect to the principles shaping historical spaces not only would not damage the spirit of the ancient historical spaces, but also they would improve the values of our ancient monuments and historical sites. As can be seen in the rest of the paper, the methodology of this research consists of a combination of strategies. In fact, the effective factors in the success or failure of the integration and development of the historical buildings are defined and finally, applying contemporary architecture with an interactive approach in development is proposed.

New Structures for Transparent Roofs

2014 ◽  
Vol 1041 ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
Eva Vojteková ◽  
Oľga Ivánková ◽  
Lenka Konecna
Keyword(s):  
Modern Technology ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Saving Energy ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Structural Part ◽  
Lightweight Structures ◽  
Contemporary Architecture

Transparency of glazed roofs does not depend on glass as material, which enables an admission of daylight to the interior, but it depends on the share of the glazed part of the canopy and their structural part. Spaces of glazed atria and courtyards of historical buildings are covered with very difficult shape of glazed canopies, which are supported by various types of load-bearing structures. In contemporary architecture glazed atria are used for the reason of saving energy and lighting up the inner spaces. New types of structures and using glass in load-bearing function in glass canopies are important thanks to their structural subtlety, where the structure covers slight part of glazed canopy. The result of clever ideas and modern technology are lightweight structures of bold forms and spans. In this context transparency became a new expression element of architecture.

Diffraction contrast of dislocations in icosahedral quasicrystals

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
K. Urban ◽  
Z. Zhang ◽  
M. Wollgarten ◽  
D. Gratias
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Extinction Condition ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Diffraction Contrast ◽  
Lattice Geometry ◽  
Reference Space ◽  
Icosahedral Quasicrystals ◽  
The One

Recently dislocations have been observed by electron microscopy in the icosahedral quasicrystalline (IQ) phase of Al65Cu20Fe15. These dislocations exhibit diffraction contrast similar to that known for dislocations in conventional crystals. The contrast becomes extinct for certain diffraction vectors g. In the following the basis of electron diffraction contrast of dislocations in the IQ phase is described. Taking account of the six-dimensional nature of the Burgers vector a “strong” and a “weak” extinction condition are found.Dislocations in quasicrystals canot be described on the basis of simple shear or insertion of a lattice plane only. In order to achieve a complete characterization of these dislocations it is advantageous to make use of the one to one correspondence of the lattice geometry in our three-dimensional space (R3) and that in the six-dimensional reference space (R6) where full periodicity is recovered . Therefore the contrast extinction condition has to be written as gpbp + gobo = 0 (1). The diffraction vector g and the Burgers vector b decompose into two vectors gp, bp and go, bo in, respectively, the physical and the orthogonal three-dimensional sub-spaces of R6.

Face Completion Using Semantic Segmentation and Geometric Features

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Javier Pinzon-Arenas ◽  
Robinson Jimenez-Moreno ◽  
Ruben Hernandez-Beleno
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Geometric Features

OFFLINE YORÙBÁ HANDWRITTEN WORD RECOGNITION USING GEOMETRIC FEATURE EXTRACTION AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE CLASSIFIER

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 504
Author(s):  
Matthias Omotayo Oladele ◽  
Temilola Morufat Adepoju ◽  
Olaide ` Abiodun Olatoke ◽  
Oluwaseun Adewale Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Support Vector Machine Classifier ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Geometric Features ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Yoruba Language

Yorùbá language is one of the three main languages that is been spoken in Nigeria. It is a tonal language that carries an accent on the vowel alphabets. There are twenty-five (25) alphabets in Yorùbá language with one of the alphabets a digraph (GB). Due to the difficulty in typing handwritten Yorùbá documents, there is a need to develop a handwritten recognition system that can convert the handwritten texts to digital format. This study discusses the offline Yorùbá handwritten word recognition system (OYHWR) that recognizes Yorùbá uppercase alphabets. Handwritten characters and words were obtained from different writers using the paint application and M708 graphics tablets. The characters were used for training and the words were used for testing. Pre-processing was done on the images and the geometric features of the images were extracted using zoning and gradient-based feature extraction. Geometric features are the different line types that form a particular character such as the vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines. The geometric features used are the number of horizontal lines, number of vertical lines, number of right diagonal lines, number of left diagonal lines, total length of all horizontal lines, total length of all vertical lines, total length of all right slanting lines, total length of all left-slanting lines and the area of the skeleton. The characters are divided into 9 zones and gradient feature extraction was used to extract the horizontal and vertical components and geometric features in each zone. The words were fed into the support vector machine classifier and the performance was evaluated based on recognition accuracy. Support vector machine is a two-class classifier, hence a multiclass SVM classifier least square support vector machine (LSSVM) was used for word recognition. The one vs one strategy and RBF kernel were used and the recognition accuracy obtained from the tested words ranges between 66.7%, 83.3%, 85.7%, 87.5%, and 100%. The low recognition rate for some of the words could be as a result of the similarity in the extracted features.

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